
Book 



CUBA 




POPULATION 

HISTORY 

RESOURCES 

1907 



CUBA 

POPULATION, HISTORY, 

AND RESOURCES 

1907 




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V 



CUBA 

POPULATION, HISTORY 

AND RESOURCES 

1907 




COMPILED BY VICTOR H. OLMSTED, 
DIRECTOR, AND HENRY GANNETT, 
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR : CENSUS OF 
CUBA, TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1907 



UNITED STATES BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
WASHINGTON: 1909 



^/7 58 



c^^<i 



COMPOSITION AND PHESSWORK 
I. H. VULNCHABD, NEW YORK 

BINDING 
J. F. TAPL.ET CO., MBW YORK 



n. OF 0. 



^ 






CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Preliminary statement 7 

General description 9 

Location and area 9 

Topography fl 

Orography 10 

Hydrography 11 

Geology 11 

Flora 12 

Fauna 12 

Natural resources 14 

Products of the animal kingdom .... 14 

Products of the vegetable kingdom. . 16 

Products of the mineral kingdom ... 26 

History 28 

Discovery and settlement 28 

Cuba under Spanish rule 29 

Attitude of the United States 37 

Spanish-American war 39 

First American intervention 40 

Republic of Cuba 41 

Appeal to United States 42 

Peace commission 42 

Election of President G6mez 44 

Climate 45 

Temperature 45 

Rainfall 50 

Wind direction 52 

Atmospheric pressure 53 

Provinces and Isle of Pines 55 

Plnar del Rio 55 

Habana 57 

Isle of Pines 58 

Matanzas 61 

Santa Clara 62 

CamagUey : . . 63 

Oriente 64 

Sugar and aUied industries 69 

Postal and telegraph service 72 



Page. 

Money, banks, and banking 77 

Foreign commerce 80 

Movement of shipping 95 

Immigration 105 

Criminal jurisdiction and procedure 110 

Prisons, asylums, and hospitals 115 

Prisoners confined in penal institu- 
tions 115 

Asylums for orphans, foundlings, 

and aged people 116 

Hospitals 116 

The insane 117 

Transportation by railroads and steam- 
ship Unes 119 

Railroads 119 

Coastwise steamship lines 121 

Steamship commimication with 

foreign countries 121 

Public schools 122 

Vital statistics 124 

Vital statistics of Habana 129 

Population 131 

Total population 131 

Urban population 136 

Density of population 137 

Center of population 140 

Sex, color, and nativity 141 

Age, sex, color, and nativity 155 

Persons in the prime of life 163 

Citizenship 164 

Population 21 years of age and over 168 

Males of voting age 169 

Conjugal condition 176 

lUigitimate children 200 

Children of school age 203 

School attendance 204 

Literacy 205 

Occupations 208 

Famines and dwelUngs 221 



POPULATION TABLES. 



Table 


1 


Table 


2 


Table 


3 


Table 


4 


Table 


5 


Table 


6 


Table 


7 


Table 


8 


Table 


9 


Table 


10 



Page. 

-Population, 1774 to 1907 231 

-Population of provinces, 

1861 to 1907 231 

-Population of municipaUties 231 

-Cities and towns 233 

-Sex, general nativity, and 

color, by provinces 235 

-Age and sex, by provinces. . . 235 

-Nativity, color, sex, and age 236 

-Birthplace, by provinces. . . . 237 

-Sex, color, and birthplace. . . 237 

-Citizenship, by provinces 238 



Page. 

Table 11. — Male population 21 years of 
age, by color, nativity, 
citizenship, and literacy . . 238 

Table 12. — Sex, color, nativity, citizen- 
ship, and age 239 

Table 13. — Conjugal condition, by prov- 
inces 241 

Table 14. — Conjugal condition, color, 

nativity, and sex 241 

Table '5. — Conjugal condition, color, 

nativity, sex, and age. . . . 242 

Table 16. — Illegitimate children, by age, 

sex, color, and nativity. . . 245 

(5) 



CONTENTS. 



Table 17.- 

Table 18.- 

Table 19.- 

Table 20.- 

Table 21.- 

Table 22.- 

Table 23.- 



Page. 

-School attendance and liter- 
acy, by provinces 246 

-Population at least 10 years 
of age, by ace, sex, color, 
nativity, and literacy. . . . 246 

-Population attending school, 
by months, sex, age, color, 
and nativity 248 

-General groups of occupa- 
tions, sex, color, and nativ- 
ity, by provinces 249 

-General groups of occupa- 
tions, age, sex, color and 
nativity 262 

-Selected occupations, sex, 

color, and nativity 255 

-Selected occupations, sex, 

and age 258 



Table 24. 

Table 25. 

Table 26. 

Table 27. 

Table 28. 

Table 29. 

Table 30.— 



Page. 

Selected occupations, sex, 

and literacy 262 

Selected occupations, sex, 

and conjugal condition 266 

Selected "occupations, sex, 

and place of birth 267 

Selected occupations, by 

provinces 271 

Number and size of families, 

by provinces 274 

Number and average size of 
families, by nativity and 
color of head, by provinces 274 

Families and dwellings, by 

provinces 275 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Facing page. 
Jos6 Miguel G6mez, Second President of 

Cuba Frontispiece 

A tobacco plant 16 

Setting out young tobacco plants 17 

Santiago de Cuba 32 

City of Puerto Principe 33 

Sugar plantation in the Agricultural 

station of Santiago de las Vegas 36 

Royal palms in the vicinity of Habana. . . 37 

Royal college of Belen, Habana 44 

Matanzas Institute 45 

Interior of the cave of Ballamar, near 

Matanzas 48 

Surrender tree near San Juan Hill 49 

An avenue of royal palms, Matanzas 64 

Climbing the royal palm 65 

Coconut trees 68 

A cocoa grove 69 

Tobacco pack train 76 

Roping cattle 77 



Facing page. 

Dimas, a village of Pinar del Rio 80 

City of Pinar del Rio 81 

Sorting tobacco and putting it in bundles 96 

Baling tobacco 97 

Transferring cane to sugar mill 100 

HauUng sugar cane from field 101 

Native agricultural implements 108 

Plowing with oxen 109 

City of Trinidad 112 

City of Nuevitas 113 

Bridge over Yumuri river, Matanzas 128 

Citj' of Baracoa and harbor entrance. . . . 129 

Native fruits 132 

Ready to cut pines and bananas 133 

Central Conchita, Matanzas 140 

Central and cane field, Santa Clara 141 

City of Habana 144 

City of Habana 145 

A tobacco plantation 160 

Tobacco drying house 161 



PRELIMINARY STATEMENT. 



In order to meet the demand in the United States for information regard- 
ing Cuba, its population, resources, products, climate, etc., the Provisional 
Governor of the Republic authorized the Director of the Cuban Census of 
1907, to prepare a compendium containing data compiled from the census i* 
reports of 1899 and 1907, and other reliable sources. 

Under this authorization the information contained in the present volume 
is presented. The data have been taken, principally, from the Cuban Census 
reports referred to above, and from the Handbook on Cuba prepared by 
Senor Gonzalo de Quesada, Minister of Cuba to the United States, which 
was published in 1905 by the International Bureau of the American Repub- 
lics, at Washington, D. C. 

(7) 



GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 



LOCATION AND AREA. 

Cuba is the largest, most populous, and most western island of the Antilles. 
Shaped like the arc of a circle, with its convex side to the north, it extends 
from 74° to 85° west longitude and from 19° 40' to 23° 33' north latitude. 
It is about 100 miles from Florida, being separated from it by the strait of 
the same name. About 50 miles to the east is Haiti; about 85 miles to the 
south is Jamaica; and about 130 miles to the west is the Yucatan peninsula. 
Its length is about 730 miles (1,594 kilometers); its breadth differs, ranging 
from 160 miles (200 kilometers), in Oriente pro\nnce, to 22 miles (40 kilo- 
meters), in Habana province. Its total area is 44,164 square miles, of which 
Cuba occupies 41,634 square miles, the Isle of Pines, 1,180, and the other 
islands and keys, 1,350. Cuba is larger than Portugal, Belgium, or the 
Netherlands, and somewhat smaller than Pennsylvania or Virginia. 

From a military point of view Cuba occupies a strong strategic position, 
controlling the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico by the Strait of Florida, the 
Windward Passage to the Caribbean Sea between Cuba and Haiti, and the 
Yucatan Channel connecting the Gulf of Mexico with the Caribbean Sea. The 
first and last of these are the only entrances to the Gulf of Mexico, which is 
thus controlled completely by the Island of Cuba. 

The government of Cuba has jurisdiction not only over the island of that 
name, but also over the Isle of Pines, lying directly to the south of it, and 
more than a thousand islets and reefs scattered along its northern and southern 
coasts. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The north coast is for the most part steep and rocky, and, in the provinces 
of Matanzas, Santa Clara, and Camagiiey, it is bordered by lines of islands 
and reefs of coral formation, through which passage is extremely intricate 
and difficult. These islands are low, are in the main covered with mangrove 
forests, and contain few inhabitants. 

The coast in the western part of the island is low, the bluffs ranging about 
100 feet in height in Pinar del Rio and rising gradually eastward. In Matan- 
zas they reach 500 feet in altitude. In Santa Clara and Camagiiey they are 
lower, but in Oriente the coast is abrupt and rugged, being almost moun- 
tainous and rising in a succession of terraces. 

(9) 



10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 

The south coast from Cape INIaisi to Cape Cruz is mountainous. Indeed, 
from Santiag;o westwanl to Cape Cruz the Sierra Maestra rises abruptly from 
the water to altitudes of several thousand feet. The shores of the Gulf of 
Buena Esparanza are low, and with the exception of a short stretch between 
Trinidad and Cienfuep;os, the coast is low and marshy from this (^ulf to Cape 
San Antonio, the westernmost point of the island. The strij) of marsh is in 
the main narrow, but west of Cienfuegos it broadens until it covers an area 
75 miles in lentjth and fully 30 miles in breadth at its widest point. This 
almost impenetrable region is called Zapata swamp. It is clothed with the 
densest vegetation and teems with tropical life. 

The central provinces of Cuba consist mainly of broadly rolling plains 
with shallow stream valleys. In Habana, Matanzas, and Santa Clara these 
plains were, prior to the late war with Spain, in a high state of cultivation, 
while those in Camagiiey have been in the main used for the grazing of cattle. 
The valley of the Yumuri, in Matanzas, is typical of the beautiful, highly 
cultivated portion of this part of the island. 

Most of the harbors are of peculiar shape, resembling pouches with narrow, 
often sinuous, entrances, opening into broad, completely sheltered expanses. 
This is the character of the harbors of Bahfa Honda, Cabanas, Habana, 
Santiago, Cienfuegos, Guantdnamo, Nipe, and many others that are not so 
well known. 

Off the south coast are hundreds of low, marshy mangrove-covered islands 
and i.slets. 

The Isle of Pines, with an area of about 1,200 square miles, is in effect two 
islands, connected by a marsh; the northern part is somewhat broken by 
hills, while the southern part is low, flat, and sandy. 

OROGR.\PHT. 

In its relief the Island of Cuba is marked by great variety and irregularity. 
At the two extremes of the island, in Pinar del Rfo on the west and Oriente 
on the east, there are well-defined ranges of hills. A little north of the middle 
line of the province of Pinar del Rfo, a range of hills closely parallels the 
northern coast. This range, known as the Cordillera de los Organos, or Organ 
Mountains, is fairly well defined, and rises in many places to altitudes exceed- 
ing 2,000 feet, culminating in Pan de Guajaibon, having an altitude of 2,500 
feet. From the crest of this range the land descends to the coasts in long, 
undulating slopes, the southward slopes forming the celebrated tobacco lands 
known as Vuelta Abajo. 

The Sierra de los Organos ceases as a range a little west of Habana, but 
traces of this uplift can be followed through the central part of Habana, 
Matanzas, Santa Clara, and the western part of Camagiiey in the form of 
lines of hills of no great altitude dotting the extensive plains. They are seen 
south of the city of Plabana in the hills known as the Tetas de Managua, and 
farther east in the Areas de Canasi, the Escaleras de Jaruco, and the Pan de 



HYDROGRAPHY. 11 



Matanzas, just south of the city of Matanzas. In the eastern part of Matan- 
zas province these hills disappear, but they reappear in Santa Clara, taking 
the form of elongated crests and flat top summits, and as such extend into 
the western part of the province of Camaguey. 

In the southern part of the province of Santa Clara is a group of rounded 
hills, occupying an area between Cienfuegos, Trinidad, and Sancti-Spiritus. 
The highest of these, Potrerillo, has an altitude of 2,900 feet. Among these 
hills are many beautiful valleys. 

The surface of Oriente is broken with high, sharp mountain ranges, broad 
plateaus of considerable elevation, and deep valleys, some of which are broad, 
while others are narrow and resemble canyons. The dominating orographic 
feature of this province — indeed of the whole island — is the Sierra Maestra, 
which, commencing at Cape Cruz, south of Manzanillo, extends eastward, 
closely paralleling the coast, from which it rises abruptly, as far east as the 
neighborhood of Santiago. In this part it contains many points exceeding 
5,000 feet in altitude and culminates in Pico Turquino, which is reputed to 
have an altitude of 8,320 feet. 

From Santiago the range extends to the east end of the island, where it is 
broken to a greater extent, and where its form is more like that of a low 
plateau. This portion of the range is known as the Cobre range. It contains 
numerous flat summits, approximating 3,000 feet in altitude, one of which, 
known as La Gran Piedra, is said to have an altitude of 3,300 feet. 

North of Sierra Maestra lies the broad and fertile valley of the Cauto, 
beyond which the country rises gradually to a high plateau, occupying the 
interior of the province, a summit elevation of 1,000 feet or more. The 
eastern part of the province consists of a maze of broken hills, with altitudes 
ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, in which are many small fertile valleys, 

HYDROGRAPHY. 

The rivers of Cuba, though numerous, are short, and few of them are of 
any importance for navigation. The largest stream is the Rio Cauto, which 
heads in the province of Oriente, on the north slopes of Sierra Maestra, flows 
westward through a broad valley, and empties in the Gulf of Buena Esper- 
anza, after a course of about 150 miles. This stream is navigable for light 
draft boats as far as Cauto Embarcadero, a distance of about fifty miles. 

Several other streams are navigable for a few miles above their mouths, 
but in most cases only through what may be regarded as estuaries. 

GEOLOGY. 

The island has a foundation of pre-Tertiary sedimentary rocks in which 
Cretaceous and probably Jurassic fossils have been found. Above this there 
are littoral beds composed of terrigenous material and then a great thickness 
of white limestone, consisting of organically derived oceanic material, as 
distinguished from true reef rock of late Eocene and Olifirocene ajre. The 



12 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 

island was reclaimed from the sea by a great mountain-making movement in 
late Tertiary time, succeeding the deposition of this limestone. In the Plio- 
cene and Pleistocene epochs, the island underwent a series of epeirogenic 
subsidences and elevations which affected the coastal borders, producing 
cliffs and the margin of elevated reef rock which borders the coast in many 
places, as in the neighborhoods of the cities of Habana and Baracoa. 

So far as iti: history is known, the island has never been connected with 
the American mainland, although such has frequently been asserted to be the 
case. These assertions have been based upon the erroneous identification of 
certain vertebrate animal remains. There are no traces in the animal life of 
Cuba which justify this conclusion. Some of the crystalline rocks may be 
ancient, but most of them are mid-Tertiary in age. 

I'he caves of Bellamar, near Matanzas, are of marvelous beauty, and are 
visited by all tourists; in Camagiiey the caves of Cubitas, and in Oriente 
the one called Nueva del Negro, near Baire, are also noteworthy. 

FLORA. 

The flora of the island is noted for its abundance and beauty, and caused 
Cuba to be designated the Pearl of the Antilles. Over 3,350 native plants 
have been catalogued. Humboldt said: "We might believe the entire island 
was originally a forest of palms, wild limes, and orange trees." The flora 
includes nearly all of the characteristic forms of the other West Indies, the 
southern part of Florida, and the Central American seaboard. Nearly all 
the large trees of the Mexican tierra caliente, so remarkable for their size, / 
foliage, and fragrance, reappear in western Cuba. Over 30 species of palm,V^ 
including the famous royal palm (oreodoxa regia), occur, while the pine tree, 
elsewhere characteristic of the Temperate Zone and the high altitudes of 
the Tropics, is found associated with palms and mahoganies in the province 
of Pinar del Rfo and the Isle of Pines, both of which take their name from 
this tree. 

Among other woods are the lignum- vitae, granadilla, cocoa wood, mahogany, 
and cedrella odorata. 

Although three hundred years of cultivation have exterminated the forest 
in the sugar lands of the center and west, it is estimated that in the hills of 
those districts and in the mountains of the east nearly 13,000,000 acres of 
uncleared forest remain. 

Rich and nutritious grasses are found throughout the island, affording 
excellent forage for stock. The pineapple, manioc, sweet potato, and Indian 
corn are indigenous to the island. 

FAUNA. 

Throughout Cuba game is abundant. Deer, though not native, have 
flourished and multiplied greatly. Rabbits also are plentiful. The wild 
boar, the wild dog, and the wild cat are simply domestic animals run wild, 




A TOBACCO PLANT. 



FAUNA. 13 

and are quite numerous in all parts of the island. Wild fowl, especially ducks 
and pigeons, abound, the former crossing from the Southern states during 
the winter season, the latter remaining in the island the year round. Pheas- 
ants, quail, snipe, wild turkeys, and wild guinea fowl are also numerous, 
with several varieties of game birds, such as the perdiz, tojosas, rabiches, and 
the guanaros. 

Cuba has more than two hundred species of native birds; many possess 
the most beautiful plumage, but those with song are rare. 

The only distinctive native animal is the jutia, or hutia, which is rat-like 
in appearance, and grows to a length of from 16 to 18 inches, not including 
the tail. While edible, it is not especially palatable. 

In swampy localities crocodiles and American alligators are found, and 
although these frequently grow to an enormous size, but little attention is 
paid to them by the natives. Chameleons, small lizards, tree toads, and 
similar harmless reptiles of diminutive size are very common, while occa- 
sionally the iguana and other large varieties of the lizard species are seen. 

Few varieties of snakes exist in Cuba. One variety, the maja, from 10 to 
14 feet in length, is most frequently found about the huts, farm houses, and 
small villages, its favorite living place being in the palm leaf thatches of the 
older buildings, while its favorite food is poultry. Another snake, named 
the jubo, is more vicious in disposition than the maja, although never reach- 
ing more than one-third its size. It is not poisonous. The other varieties 
are still smaller in size and are not venomous. 



NATURAL RESOURCES. 



By Francisco I. de Vild6soi^, Secretary pro tem of Agriculture, Labor, 

and Commerce. 



The principal element of the strength of Cuba is in the productions of the 
soil. This has been the condition in the past and will be the condition for a 
long time to come. The productions are far in excess of the amount of effort 
put forth, and are so out of proportion to the number of inhabitants that 
the problem of a permanent market and the difficulty of securing it are 
questions of the utmost importance in their bearing upon Cuban wealth. 

Although nearly all the new sources of riches are at present in embryo, 
they are so numerous and so varied that it seems advisable to classify them. 

PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 

The productions of the animal kingdom which are utilized in Cuba are 
of two origins: those which live on the land and those which are obtained 
from the sea, the rivers, and the lakes. The principal land products are cattle, 
horses, swine, poultry, and bees, while sheep and goats are raised in small 
numbers. During the past months an experiment has been made in an 
industrial way in the raising of ostriches, but as yet we have no data and the 
experience has not been sufficient to judge of this new industry. Fish and 
sponge form the leading water products. 

Cattle. — The position of the Island of Cuba makes a veritable Eden of 
this country for the raising of live stock. Herbiverous animals multiply so 
rapidly that notwithstanding inadequate methods for the breeding and 
betterment of the cattle, and notwithstanding the fact that they are cared for 
in the rudest and most primitive way, not only are those necessary for agri- 
cultural work and for the slaughterhouses obtained, but the production is 
rapidly surpassing the needs of the Nation. 

Under the Intervention of the United States restrictive laws were pro- 
mulgated in regard to the slaughter and exportation of cattle, and, in addition, 
a department was created which publishes and distributes gratuitously vac- 
cine virus for epizootic diseases. 

The following table .shows data concerning the number of cattle and the 
number killed in the slaughterhouses since the Independence: 
(14) 



PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



15 



YEAR. 


Number 
Total killed in 
number. slaughter- 
houses. 


1906 


2,579,492 
2,1 6,178 
1,699,512 
1,303,650 
999,862 


228.108 


1905 


219,038 


1904 


194,513 


1903 

1002 


179.632 
176,962 







From these figures it will be seen that the increase in the number of cattle 
in 1906 as compared with 1902 was 158 per cent, while the corresponding 
increase in the consumption of cattle in the slaughterhouses was 28.9 per 
cent. 

Considerable quantities of salted and canned meats and even live cattle 
are imported into Cuba. 

Only a small portion of the offal of slaughterhouses is used in Cuba; the 
greater part is exported as raw material. Hides are included in the exports, 
since the tanning industry is unimportant. 

In agriculture, oxen are used almost exclusively for ploughing and hauling, 
for as yet the use of mules has been quite limited, and all the experiments 
which have been made with steam implements have resulted unfavorably. 

The milk industry, notwithstanding the great quantities of cattle raised 
and the large number of milch cows of good breed that have been imported 
from the United States, is not a lucrative source of wealth, and its products 
are so insufficient that in most of the cities condensed milk is imported from 
the United States and England. 

Horses. — The trade in horses, mules, and asses has not been developed 
in Cuba as extensively as might be expected from the natural conditions of 
the country. 

The actual statistical distribution of this source of wealth on December 31, 
of each year from 1902 to 1906, is as follows: 



TEAR. 


Horses. 


Mules. 


Asses. 


1906 


402,461 
342.568 
266,071 
208,009 
167.933 


51,333 
45,559 
43.714 
33.402 
30,950 


2 635 


1905 


2 530 


1904 


2 331 


1903 


1 882 


1902 


1 838 







The increases in 1906, as compared with 1902, have been: for horses. 
139.7 per cent; mules, 65.9 per cent; and asses, 43.4 per cent. 

Swine. — It is apparent that Cuba is the natural home for this class of 
animals. A litter is produced in so short a time that it is diflicult for the 
owner to know how many swine he has; and the ability to reproduce is almost 
incredible. 

The spotted fever epidemic is apt to cause an enormous mortality, but 



16 NATURAL RESOURCES. 

geiu-nilly inaiiy years olupse between the appearances of this epidemic, and 
a sufliciciit miiiiber of aniiimls survive to reproduce the herd in a short time. 
Althouf^h there is a virus for spotted fever, and the Secretary of Agriculture 
distributes it gratuitously, it is not always efficacious. The mercantile 
method of breeding swine consists in leaving them free in the pasture to pro- 
vide for tlieir own wants. 

Poultry. — Poultry is raised with the greatest ease and profit, but poultry- 
raising on an industrial scale does not exist; each rural breeder can succeed 
without effort and can sell his products to speculators, who transport them 
to the merchants of the towns. Despite the lack of more efficient methods 
the production is sufficiently great for home consumption. 

Bee.s. — A country like Cuba, with an exceedingly mild climate, with fields 
continually decked with flowers and with no natural enemies capable of 
producing havoc among the hives, is a country in which apiculture should 
flourish. Because of the scarcity of population, however, and the facilities 
for making money in other industries, apiculture has not received suflBcient 
attention to make it a source of wealth. At present there are 4,200 apiaries 
having over 120,250 hives, producing for the market 470,000 gallons of honey 
and 31,000 arrobas (775,000 pounds) of wax. 

Fish. — The seas which surround Cuba constitute an immense natural 
maritime fish hatchery, on account of the temperature of the water and the 
many keys and shoals. For this reason fish products have always been 
exceedingly abundant. 

Although the coasts of Cuba have lacked until now maritime police for 
the protection of their fisheries, and although the most reprehensible methods 
have been constantly employed, the wealth in fish is very great. 

In addition to the fish, caguamas are gathered in the Cuban seas in small 
numbers; turtles to the number of 500 or 600 a year; and the rich tortoise 
shell in such quantities that the total amount for the past year was more 
than 1,000 kilos. 

Another exceptional source of wealth of the sea is the sponge; 310,000 
dozen were procured in 1907. Among the Cuban sponges is one which is 
believed to have no equal in the world and the exploitation of which would 
be of an enormous mercantile value; this is the sponge called "machito del 
calvario," found near Brabant. 

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 

Each of the three geographical divisions of the Island of Cuba has essen- 
tially its own agricultural productions as well as products that are common to 
all. Thus, in the Eastern division, the coconut produced in the district of 
Baracoa has no rival in Cuba for quality and abundance, nor can it be easily 
excelled outside of Cuba. In the extensive Central division, especially in the 
rich province of Matanzas, sugar cane is cultivated under favorable condi- 
tions. In the Western division, the Vuelta Abajo tobacco is cultivated. 



PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 17 



Sugar cane.—Oi all the sources of agricultural wealth of the Island of 
Cuba, that which should be considered first is the sugar cane, since it is that 
which covers the greatest extent of territory, employs the greatest number of 
men, and has the greatest commercial importance. 

The climatic conditions and the nature of the soil are so favorable for the 
cultivation of sugar cane that the sugar production has been steadily increas- 
ing for many years, in spite of the fact that the lack of economic methods is 
ruinous to the engines and retards the work. At times political crises have 
diminished the production, but the industry has soon recuperated and pro- 
duced an output greater than before. This fact shows that the production 
of sugar cane in the Island of Cuba is so in accord with natural conditions 
that it seems probable that the definite issue in the world wide sugar war 
will finally be with Cuba. 

Tobacco.— This solanaceous plant, whose rich leaf as produced on Cuban 
soil is reputed to be the best in the world, is indigenous to the island and 
occupies the second place among the Cuban plants. Although it is not 
cultivated as extensively as sugar cane, it is used in two important industries, 
one of which is engaged in preparing and packing the weed for export, and 
the other in manufacturing the millions of cigars and cigarettes consumed in 
the country or exported. The latter industry, representing considerable 
wealth and giving employment to an increasing number of skilled workmen, 
contributes largely to the welfare of the laboring classes of the cities. 

Tobacco requires for its cultivation a loose, rich, sandy soil, the best for 
the purpose being found in some localities in the province of Pinar del Rio, 
especially in the southern portions, where the land produces the fine tobacco 
that brings the highest prices paid, particularly in England and the United 
States. 

A plant of fairly good quality is produced in the central and eastern por- 
tions and even in the western portions of the island, especially on the northern 
watershed of the Siguanea river in the province of Santa Clara, on lands east 
of the Arimao river in the famous Manicaragua vegas. 

Notwithstanding its well earned fame, the Cuban product can not reach 
the development it should, inasmuch as all countries consider tobacco an 
assessable article and endeavor, besides, to protect their home product by 
burdening the imported article with high import duties, which in some cases 
become almost prohibitory. One of the nations in which the conditions are 
most favorable for the consumption of Cuban tobacco without injury to its 
own products is the United States, and it is certain that quantities of Cuban 
tobacco will be consumed there when the effects of the recent reciprocity 
treaty between the latter nation and Cuba become thoroughly known and 
the advantages are fully appreciated by both sides. 

Many tobacco planters are adopting the system of cultivating the leaf under 
cover or with mosquito nets, as the natives call it, which merely means that 
they place an awning of cheese cloth 2 or 2^ meters above the plants. This 



18 NATURAL RESOURCES. 

serves to temper the intensity of tlie sun's ruys, to moderate the force of the 
wind and its action on the leaves, to keep the earth moist, and, above all, 
to prevent the insects from harming the leaves of the plants. Much interest 
has been manifested in this use of cheese cloth, and in order to encourage this 
new industry, the duty on cheese clotli, ranging from 15 to .50 cents per 
kilogram (2.204G pounds), was repealed .July 30, 1902. It is believed that 
Cuba may rival Sumatra in the production of fine wrappers, for which there 
is a large demand in the United States. 

The amount that must be expended on one caballeria (an area of 33J 
• acres) of ground from the time it is plowed until the tobacco crop is gathered, 
varies considerably, but it is probable that the expenditure averages about 
$7,940. The yield of a caballeria, consisting on an average of 211 tercios 
(bales) of tobacco leaves at $50 per tercio, 54 arrobas of seed at $4, and 12 
cartloads of stems at $1, would be about $10,778, leaving a balance as profit 
of .S2,S3S. 

Since the War of Independence remarkable progress has been made in the 
cultivation of tobacco, and excellent results are being obtained as regards 
the endurance of the plant, as w^ell as its quantity and quality. Moreover 
the prospect of a market is good. Consequently a crop that formerly was 
uncertain and dependent on meteorological conditions is to-day, for the most 
part, subject to tJie intelligent control of man. 

The past year the production of tobacco amounted to 201,512 bales, weigh- 
ing 109,562,400 Spanish pounds. 

Coffee. — When the production of tobacco was of slight importance and 
that of sugar barely exceeded home consumption, coffee formed the principal 
Cuban product, and, together with cattle, constituted the basis of its economic 
wealth. 

In the year 1846, 2,328 coffee plantations in the Island of Cuba produced 
50,000,000 pounds of coffee, which was sold at high prices, principally in 
Vienna, at that time the leading coffee market of the world; but since then, 
the constant over production and the fall of prices have created a variable 
condition, which continues in the markets of the world. When it will termin- 
ate can hardly be predicted. 

The coffee plantations in Cuba wxre reduced to less than two hundred 
small farms; consequently it was necessary to import the greater part of the 
coffee which was consumed in Cuba. These farms, although of slight im- 
portance, continued to exist, because in Cuba coffee is produced with no 
more effort than that required to plant the trees, which last for centuries, and 
to gather the fruit, which is always so abundant that it can not be harvested 
by the available hands. 

After the Independence, a law passed by the Cuban Senate, May 30, 1903, 
created tariff rates for the coffee which is imported into Cuba, and in con- 
sequence of this protection, in the short space of time which has elapsed, the 
number of coffee plantations has quadrupled, and before many years Cuba 



PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 19 



will produce all the coffee necessary for home consumption. In 1907 there 
were 1,411 coffee plantations, with 3,662,850 coffee trees, which produced 
6,595,700 pounds of berries. 

The Cocoww^.— Throughout the Island of Cuba, the coconut is produced 
with almost no effort; but the district of Baracoa may be considered a 
natural zone of monopoly for this plant. The facts relating to the coconut 
industry seem almost improbable; in Baracoa, under normal conditions, it is 
sufficient to plant the tree and leave it to develop; in four or five years it 
jields fruit so abundantly that in quantity and value the output is 50 per 
cent greater than that of any other region of Cuba. 

The nuts which fall from the tree (those which "drip," in local terms) are 
gathered and sold for not less than a cent apiece, so that each tree — and 
the average production is seventy coconuts a year — yields no less than fifty 
cents profit. Fifteen years ago, with practically no effort, from twenty-five 
to thirty millions of coconuts were gathered annually. 

An epifitia of the branches destroyed the coconut groves fifteen or twenty 
years ago, and later, another disease in the heart of the tree developed, com- 
pleting the havoc, which caused the value of the crop in 1906 to fall to only 
175,000 pesos. 

The learned professor, Dr. Carlos de la Torre y Huerta, has described 
perfectly the disease of the branches of the coconut tree, showing the nature 
of the pathogenic parasite; and the studies by Mr. Home, professor of the 
Central Agricultural Station of the Republic, have practically determined 
the manner of effectively combating the two diseases. 

The wealth resulting from the cultivation of the coconut is not derived 
merely from its sale as fruit; for it is utilized for the sustenance of animals, 
and serves as raw material in the manufacture of oil. 

Cacao. — Humboldt said that the wealth of the proprietor of a cacao planta- 
tion was surer than that of the possessor of a gold mine. Although the cacao 
produced in this island is not comparable with that of Caracas, a cacao of a 
quality superior to the average is obtained in the province of Oriente. In 
spite of the diflSculties of the cultivation of the cacao and the damages caused 
by birds, the production increased from 800,050 bushes, yielding 3,122,600 
Spanish pounds, in 1902, to 1,860,306 bushes, producing 9,380,900 Spanish 
pounds, in 1907. 

Textile plants. — Many varieties of textile plants grow in Cuba, and those 
which cover the uncultivated fields are sufficient to produce many hundred 
thousands of tons of useful fibers. This wealth, however, has been utilized 
only recently, and the country every year pays tribute in many millions of 
pesos to foreign countries, because of the lack of population, machinery, and 
industrial enterprise. 

Since the Independence, there has been some activity in this direction, 
and results of real importance are now being obtained. 

The cordage industry has developed the fact that the raw material may be 



20 NATURAL RESOURCES. 

obtained in Cuba, there being suflicient plantations of heniquen to almost 
wholly supply the necessities of the Republic. During the period of pro- 
duction the number of heniquen bushes in the island reaches 3,700,000. 

Seven million pounds of jarcias are manufactured in the Island of Cuba, 
70 per cent of which are of henequin and the rest of manila, fiber from the 
Philippines being imported for the latter. 

For the sugar industry Cuba receives from India and England — the first the 
producer and the second the manufacturer — from seven to ten million bags 
of jute in which the sugar is annually packed. Jute grows wild in the island, 
however, and at present in the province of Pinar del Rio, where an effort is 
being made to cultivate it, it yields more than 30 per cent of fiber of good 
quality. 

A short time ago it was considered impossible to make an industrial use of 
the ramie, which grows so abundantly in this island, but repeated and suc- 
cessful experiments with the "Marti machine" have proved that the strips 
of ramie known in the market as "China grass" can be obtained, and the day 
is near at hand when the exploitation of this, the richest vegetable fiber for 
textiles, will constitute one ot the important sources of Cuban wealth. 

FKUITS. 

Fruits have only very recently been cultivated on an industrial scale in the 
Greater Antilles; it may be said that this is an industry which is just being 
developed and in which the greater number of products are yet unimproved, 
and that those which are actually utilized will undergo a radical transforma- 
tion. 

Citrus fruits. — The first place will at once be given to the citrus plants, 
which have as ready a market in the United States as those of Spain have 
in England. 

Sweet oranges are at present the preferred crop, there being more than 
1,500,000 trees ready to fructify, the probable yield of which will be worth at 
least 3,000,000 pesos annually. But the grape fruit, which grows wild and 
which, when cultivated, will yield prodigious crops; lemons, of which millions 
of pounds are now exported; and the bitter oranges, of which there are wild 
groves, are citric plants of greater commercial importance than the sweet 
oranges and are grown with much less effort. The bitter orange especially 
holds an important place among the Cuban fruits, since it constitutes the first 
and indispensable ingredient for orange marmalade. Since the fruit grows 
here under such favorable conditions and sugar cane also is abundant, no 
fears are felt for the future of the marmalade industry. 

Pineapple. — The pineapple has always been considered the queen of fruits, 
and the constant demand by the great neighboring Republic has stimulated 
its cultivation to such an extent that at present the annual production is 
between 25,000,000 and 30,000,000 kilograms, with an approximate value of 
1,000,000 pesos. Now that the supply of the pineapples is greater than the 



PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 21 

demand, the consumer profits by the competition of the producers, and the 
grower who markets the best grade of fruit is benefited commercially. 

Plantain. — Notwithstanding the natural advantages that the lands of the 
Central American continent possess over those of the Island of Cuba, and 
notwithstanding the fact that this island may be considered the extreme limit 
for the production of plantain, the fertility of the soil and the favorable 
meteorological conditions supply the deficiencies of geographic situation, and 
the result is that Cuba produces the enormous quantity of plantains consumed 
by her people — or more than 120,000,000 kilograms— and, in addition, 
exports from 45,000,000 to 50,000,000 kilos each year. 

Other fruits. — Some of the other fruits produced, such as the anon (custard 
apple), the caimito, the mammee, the guanahana, the plum, the sapote, and 
the tamarind, are used only for the consumption of the inhabitants of the 
island; while others, as the alligator pear, the mango, and the guava, are at 
present exported in small quantities — 600,000 to 800,000 kilos per year, 
valued at from $20,000 to $22,000— although the demand for them is growing. 

Vegetable products. — Until the importation of Chinese, from 1860 to 1867, 
it was difficult, even for wealthy persons, to obtain vegetables for consumption. 
The Chinese, when they were freed from their slave contracts, promoted the 
cultivation of vegetables, increasing it sufficiently to abundantly satisfy local 
necessities; but Caucasians have since realized the benefit of an export trade 
of Cuban vegetable products to the United States. 

Soon after the Independence, several thousand cases of vegetables were 
exported from Giiines, and the growth of the industry has been such that 
during the fiscal year 1906-7 the exportation reached 3,994,067 kilos, which 
sold for $167,435. These figures show the possibility of a trade which promises 
to be much more extensive in the near future. 

FORAGE PLANTS. 

At the Central Agricultural Station experiments have been made with 
nearly all of the important forage plants, and in every case the result of the 
trial has been to prove the possibility of satisfactory production; but the 
fields of Cuba are stocked with so many first-class graminaceous forage plants 
that, until now, the necessity of cultivating such crops has not been felt, except 
in the vicinity of the large cities, where the millet and maloja (corn stalks used 
for fodder) produced throughout the year, with very slight eftort, furnish great 
quantities of green forage of very good quality. 

GRAINS. 

The grain producing countries are in the Temperate Zone, but the Island 
of Cuba, situated in the extreme north of the Torrid Zone, has the advantage, 
as a subtropical country, of being able to produce grains, or at least several 
kinds of grain, in quantities that satisfy home necessities. 



22 NATURAL RESOURCES. 

Wheat. — More than a century ago, wheat was sown in the province of 
Santa Chira, but the crops were not remunerative. 

Rice. — All varieties of rice are easily obtained in Cuba, avera^ije crops being 
yielded; ordinarily only the dry rice is cultivated, being produced in small 
quantities, and sold at a very good price, as its especially agreeable flavor 
causes the demand to be always in excess of the production. 

The consumption of rice in Cuba amounts to no less than 200,000 pounds 
daily; and if the country were capable industrially of producing this grain, it 
would do so, for the need is evident and great. In 1906, 101,931,690 pounds, 
at a value of $2,035,965, were imported. 

What Cubans consider an economic error prevents North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Louisiana, and other rice producing states of the Union from profit- 
ing by a market so ready and convenient. 

Indian corn. — This grain is the only one that can be produced in Cuba under 
as favorable conditions as in its native Mexican soil. Two crops, and some- 
times three, are gathered in a year, and it is cultivated on a large scale through- 
out the island. 

Chemical analyses have shown that the Indian corn of Cuba contains a 
greater quantity of albuminoids, fats, and phosphates than that grown in any 
other country; on this account it is so highly prized that, in spite of the large 
crops, it is never sufficient for the nourishment of man and the domestic 
animals, and thus some importation is necessary. In the year 1906, 65,732,531 
pounds, valued at $661,202, were imported. It is a product that never varies 
in price in the Cuban market, the only objection to it being that no process 
has been discovered by which it can be preserved indefinitely. 

Millet. — This is a nutritious product which is very easily obtained, but which 
until now has been cultivated only in some parts of the island as food for 
poultry and working oxen. 

TUBERS AND NOURISHING ROOTS. 

The people of Cuba will always be insured against hunger by the abundance 
of its tuberous plants, which are easily produced throughout the island. 
Those most commonly cultivated and utilized are the sweet potato, the white 
potato, the yam, and the arum. 

Sweet potatoes. — Sweet potatoes are utilized in two ways: the vines provide 
a healthful food for cattle, and the tubers, for the nourishment of man, cattle, 
and fowls. The products are obtained successively in such great profusion 
that a caballeria produces from 20,000 to 25,000 arrobas (500,000 to 625,000 
lbs.) of comestible tubers, or more than four pounds of food per square meter 
of land, in addition to an enormous quantity of vines. 

White potatoes. — ^These potatoes are not raised in sufficient quantities in 
Cuba to meet the demand, the greater part of those consumed being imported; 
and this, notwithstanding the fact that the country is so well adapted for their 
cultivation that in the district of Giiines, where they are grown as luxuries 



PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 23 

and for exportation to the United States, the crop rarely falls below 1,000 
arrobas per hectare. 

Arum. — The arum constitutes a healthful and perfect food; the tuber, 
after being freed from the earth, can be preserved almost indefinitely; the 
crop never fails, and the leaves constitute a well-known food for poultry. 
Small farmers, consequently, gladly sow this useful plant, in spite of the fact 
that the crop does not exceed 500 arrobas per hectare. 

Yam. — The yam may be considered as a tuber de luxe, as it requires good 
earth and much cultivation, and its production rarely exceeds 400 arrobas 
per hectare. 

Roots. — In Cuba, sago, which furnishes a good farina, is scarcely cultivated 
at present, and, with the exception of the yucca, the cultivation of all other 
comestible roots is being abandoned. There are many varieties of v'ucca, 
but those which are commonly cultivated are the bitter and the comestible 
yuccas. The bitter yucca, which is poisonous, is used for making starch, 
constituting the basis of one of the Cuban industries. The comestible yuccas 
which are' cultivated are the Carthagena \aicca, which is the most highly 
prized, and the pink, the yellow, the white, or bruja, and the cr^'stal yuccas. 
All of these are obtained in abundance and with ease, and furnish a wholesome 
and palatable food. The objection to this tuber is that it can be preserved 
only a few days after being freed from the earth; but, as a compensation, it 
serves for making cassava bread which is an invaluable food, as it can be 
preserved almost indefinitely, is very easily digested, and, at the same time, 
is nutritious. 

LEGUMINOUS PL-\XTS. 

Among the leguminous comestibles, black beans, kidney beans, peas, and 
chick-peas are cultivated in Cuba on a small scale. All of these are obtained 
with great ease and in profusion; but the advantages possessed by other 
countries, where wages are very low and where all these vegetables are grown 
on a large scale, prevent this branch of agriculture from being developed in 
Cuba, and it pays to Mexico, Spain, and other countries, without any com- 
mercial compensation, 81,144,252 for these necessities. 

OLEAGINOUS PL.\NTS. 

Aside from the coconut and the cacao, which in addition to their multiplied 
uses serve also as oleaginous plants, other plants that are rich in fatty materials 
can be cultivated to monetary advantage for the extraction of oils. Prominent 
among these are the ajonjoli, the peanut, and the castor bean. 

Ajonjoli. — This plant is cultivated solely for use as a condiment and in 
making the candy called "alegrfa," but it is destined to have an important 
industrial place on account of its oil, ^hich does not become rancid, and which 
is therefore most valuable in the manufacture of fine soaps. 

Peanuts. — The peanut grows abundantly, and although it \nelds 55 per 
cent of its weight in oil, it is also used as food and in candy. 



24 



NATURAL RESOURCES. 



Castor bean. — Some seventy years ago, the castor bean was cultivated in 
Cuba for the extraction of its cathartic oil; since that time its cultivation has 
been wholly abandoned, but its adaptation to this soil and climate is such that 
it now grows profusely as a wild plant. 

MEDICINAL PLANTS. 

The Island of Cuba, though free from wild beasts and venomous reptiles 
and having no extremes of climate to affect the constitution of man, has, 
nevertheless, indigenous to her soil, plants of wonderful medicinal virtue. 
These plants include the aguedita, known as a febrifuge; the gauguasi and 
the caiia fistola, cathartics; the lirio sanjuanero (wild lily) and the wild ipecac, 
emetics; the male fern, the sour pomegranate, and the apazofe, vermifuges; 
the chamisco, an antasthmatic; the yagruma, a tonic for the heart; and several 
other plants of slight medicinal properties. 

GUMMIFEROUS PLANTS. 

The only gummiferous plant indigenous to Cuba is the female liana, which 
contains latex producing caoutchouc; but it is possible to cultivate the Castil- 
loa Elastica and the Manihot Glaziovii with profit. 

FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS. 

The forests of Cuba have been, and are still, treated with a shocking 
vandalism, and no protective law for the woodland is in force. However, the 
richest woods for cabinetwork and for building abound in such quantities 
that all of the needs of the country, as well as foreign demands, are satisfied, 
and a residue of short and corded wood remains, which is destroyed for want 
of purchasers. 

The area of the public forests of the Island of Cuba is not less than 37,000 
caballerias, or 496,540 hectares (1,226,454 acres). The most important 
provinces in respect to public forests are Oriente and Santa Clara. The timber 
forests of the property of the municipality of JiguanI, with an area of 46,759 
hectares (115,591 acres), have also been included, as they are considered 
public forests. Following is a statement of the public forests in each province: 





PROVINCE. 


AREA. 




Hectares. 


Acres. 


Total 


496,540 


1,226.454 








Oriente 


210.200 
124.660 
60.000 
46.000 
35,680 
20,000 


519,194 


Santa Clara ' 


307,910 


Pinar del Rio 


148,200 


Matanzas 


113,620 


Camagrtiey 


88,130 


Habana 


49,400 







PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 



25 



The names and the applicability of the trees are as follows: 

FOR CONSTRUCTION. 



COMMON NAME. 


Technical name. 


COMMON NAME. 


Technical name. 


Acana 


Bassia albescens. 
Laplacea curtyana. 
Erytroxylum obovatum. 
Zanthoxylum bombacifo- 

lium. 
Cordia gerascanthoides. 
Byrsonima lucida. 
Swietenia mahogani. 
Cedrella odorata. 
Bumelia nigra. 
Cerasus occidentalis. 
Chuncoa abovate. 
Calicophyllum candidissi- 

mum. 
Madura tintorea. 
Rhus metopium. 
Lenchocarpus tatifolius. 
Casearia totiodes. 


Guayacan 

Jaimiqui 

Jamaquey 

Jiqui de costa. . . 
Jocuma prieto. . . 

Jucaro prieto. . . . 
Maboa 


Guajacum officinale. 


Almendro 

Arabo 


Byrsonima lucida. 
Belaira mucronata. 


Abua amarilla. . . . 
Barla 


Malpighia obovata. 
SyderoxyJon mastichoden- 
dron. 


Came de doncella . 
Caoba 


Busida capitata. 
Cameraria latifolia. 


Cedro 


Majagua 

Moruro de costa. 
Quiebra hacha... 

Roble real 

Sabicu 


Hibiscus tiliaceus. 




Acacia littoralis. 


Cuajanl 


Copaifera hymenofoUa. 


Chlcharron prieto . 
Daganie 


Tecoma longiflora. 
Lysiloma sabico. 




Tengue 


Poeppigia procera. 


Fustete 


Yaba 


Andira inermis. 




Yaiti 


Excocaria lucida. 


Frijolillo amarillo. 
Guaguasi 


Yaya 


Gualteria virgata. 







FOR TANNING. 



Los guayabos. . . . 

Marailon 

Moruro de sabana 
Peralejo de sabana 



Psidium. 

Anacardium occidentalis. 
Petophorum adriatura. 
Byrsonima crassifolia. 



Mangle Colorado. 
Mangle bianco. . . 

Encina 

Pataban 



Rhizophora mangle. 
Avicennia nitida. 
Quercus virens. 
Lagunicularia racemosa. 



DYEWOODS. 



Fustete 

Bija 6 achiote an- 
nato. 



Madura tinctoria. 
Bixa orellana. 



Brazil Colorado 

Brazilete 

Peralejo de monte 



Ctesalpinia crista. 
Coulteria tintoria 
Byrsonima cubensis. 



OIL WOODS. 



Coco. . 
Corojo 
Pifion. 



Cocos nucifera. 

Cocos crispa. 

Erythrina corrallodendrum. 



Mamey Colorado. 

Aguacate 

Encina 



Lucuma bonplandii. 
Persea gratissima. 
Quercus virens. 



FIBER WOODS (USED FOR CORDAGE). 



Daquilla. . . . , 
Guara comun 

Majagua 

Majaguilla. . , 



Lagetta lintearia. 
Cupania tomentosa. 
Hibiscus liliaceous. 
Pavonia racemosa. 



Guama comim. 

Guacacoa 

Corojo 



Lonchocarpus pyxidanius. 
Daphnopsis cubensis. 
Cocos crispa. 



GUM AND RESIN WOODS. 



Almacigo 

Ciruelo 


Bursera gummifera. 
Spondias lutea. 
Cedrela odorata. 
Voica copal. 
Caseria lotiodes. 
Rheedia aristata. 
Clusia rosea. 


Abey hembra. . . 
Maboa 


Papigla excelsa. 
Cameraria latifolia. 


Cedro 


Mango 


Manguiera indica. 


Copal 


Maraflon 

Mamey amarillo. 
Pino 


Anacardium occidentale. 


GuaguasI 

Manajfl 


Manimea umericana. 
Pinus occidentalis. 


Copey 


Yaba 


Andira inermis. 









Fniit trees, etc. — Besides the enumerated species there are about fifty 
different species of fruit trees and a great number of other trees whose wood is 
used for fuel, fencing, carpentry, and cabinetwork. 



26 



NATURAL RESOURCES. 



PRODUCTS OF THE MINERAL KINGDOM. 



The contemporary historians, on the discovery of America, made especial 
mention of the mineral wealth of Cuba, although limiting it to gold, silver, 
and copper, and in regard to the first, expressing themselves in the most 
glowing terms. 

Although the Spanish conquerors knew well the auriferous wealth in Cuba 
and profited by it — they withdrew their attention from these mines, and with 
great energy exploited those of less precious metals. 

Precious stones are not abundant in Cuba, although fine opals are found in 
some rivers and streams; in the suburbs of Habana in the Guanabacoa hills 
there are amethysts; and there is reason to believe that in the eastern province 
there are beds of emeralds. 

Although the mineral wealth of Cuba is considerable and its value is 
enhanced by its proximity to the United States, for more than half a century 
capitalists have feared to risk their money in any mining enterprise, chiefly 
because of the scarcity of laborers and the unstable condition of the country's 
laws. 

The following table gives an idea of the number and area of the Cuban 
mines, with concessions in force on December 31, 1907: 





PINAR DEL Rio. 


HABANA. 


MATANZAS. 


MINERAL. 


Number. 


Area, 
hectares.' 


Number. 


Area, 
hectares.' 


Number. 


Area, 
hectares.' 


Total 


96 


5,185 


49 


2.589 


41 


2,983 




Asphalt 


28 

6 

23 

(*) 

31 


911 

578 

1,206 

2,140 


29 
8 
5 
1 
4 


956 
859 
413 
64 
189 


30 


1,459 


Coal 


Copper 


3 

1 
3 
1 
3 


97 
125 
560 
110 


Gold 


Iron 


Manganese 


Petroleum 


4 
4 


274 
76 


2 


108 


632 


All other minerals 














SANTA CLARA. 


CAMAOUEY. 


ORIENTE. 


MINERAL. 


Number. 


Area, 
hectares.' 


Number. 


Area, 
hectares.' 


Number. 


Area, 
hectares.' 


Total 


91 


4,028 


97 


5,646 


867 


72,667 




Asphalt 


12 

2 

24 

14 


189 

52 

459 

500 


16 


218 


7 
9 

223 
20 

271 

218 
3 

106 


253 

521 

7,745 

537 

44,999 

11 364 


Coal 


Copper 


27 
5i 


1,274 
4466 


Gold 


Iron 


Manganese 


Petroleum 










405 


All other minerals 


39 


2,828 


3 


64 


6 843 







'A hectare is equal to 2,471 acres. 



'Included in "all other minerals." 



PRODUCTS OF THE MINERAL KINGDOM. 27 

In the mines in the provinces of Pinar del Rfo, Habana, Matanzas, and 
Santa Clara the only work carried on was the work of investigation and 
exploitation, while it is not known that any mine in Camagiiey was exploited. 
In the province of Oriente a number of mines were being operated. 

There are other mineral riches absolutely neglected which are no less 
important than those mentioned, and which will prove great sources of wealth. 
Thus vast deposits of iron of very good quality remain unexploited, and 
there are extensive peat beds which at some future day will be utilized as fuel 
and in the production of nitrate. 



HISTORY. 



Many books have been written about Cuba, but there are few detailed and 
reliable histories. Such information as is available with regard to the history 
of this country is in fragmentary form, and many important events connected 
with the affairs of the island are unrecorded, or so briefly discussed as to be 
unintelligible. 

DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 

Cuba was discovered by Columbus on Sunday, October 28, 1492. Accord- 
ing to the most reliable evidence, he landed in, or a little to the west of, what 
is now called the bay of Nuevitas, on the north coast of the province of Cama- 
giiey. He took possession of the island in the name of Christ, Our Lady, 
and the reigning Sovereigns of Spain, and named it Juana in honor of Prince 
John. 

Continuing his voyage, Columbus sailed west as far as the Laguna de 
Moron, where he arrived October 31. On November 12 he left this place. 
The records in his journal do not indicate clearly where he sailed between 
that date and November 26. He appears to have returned to the vicinity of 
the Guija Islands and then to have cruised about among the keys and islands 
off the province of Camaguey, finally reaching the Bay of Nuevitas. 

On November 26 he sailed southeast along the coast of Oriente and on the 
evening of November 27 he arrived at Baracoa. From there he sailed, on 
December 4, to Point Maisi, the eastern end of the island, and on the following 
day to the Island of San Domingo. 

On the 3d of May, 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued a bull conferring 
on Ferdinand and Isabella all lands already discovered, or to be discovered, 
in the western ocean, thus confirming by divine right, to all Christendom, 
the claims of Columbus. 

Columbus visited Cuba three times after this. In 1493, during his second 
voyage, he followed the southern coast from Point Maisi as far as Bataban6 
and the Isle of Pines, which he reached on June 13, having in the meantime 
discovered the Island of Jamaica. During this voyage Columbus visited 
Guantrmamo, Trinidad, and probably Cienfuegos. During his fourth and 
last voyage, he touched at Cayo Largo, off the south coast of the province of 
Oriente, in July, 1502, and again in May, 1503. 

Cuba does not appear to have been visited by many other explorers. In 
150S Sebastian Ocampo, acting under the orders of Nicolas de Ovando, 

(28) 



CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 29 

Governor of San Domingo, reported that Cuba was an island, but it is probable 
that this fact was known several years before. Apparently Cuba did not 
receive much attention from the Spanish authorities prior to 1511. In that 
year Diego Columbus, Admiral of the Indies and Governor of San Domingo, 
sent Capt. Diego Velasquez, one of the companions of Columbus on his 
second voyage, to subdue and colonize Cuba. With a force of 300 men he 
sailed from San Domingo and landed near Point Maisi, going thence to 
Baracoa, where the first settlement was made in 1512. In 1514 Velasquez 
founded Trinidad and Santiago de Cuba, on the southern side of the island, 
to facilitate communication with the Spanish colonies of Jamaica and the 
mainland, and established settlements at Sancti-Spiritus, Remedios, Bayamo, 
Puerto Principe, and San Cristobal de la Habana, the last named colony 
being located on what is now the site of Batabano. In 1519 the name of 
Habana was transferred to a settlement on the site now known by that name. 
The same year, Baracoa, having been raised to the dignity of a city and 
bishopric, was declared the capital, and so remained until 1522, when Santiago 
became the capital and the seat of the bishopric. Habana became the capital 
in 1552. 

On the death of Ferdinand, January 23, 1516, Velasquez renamed the 
island Fernandina in his honor. It was subsequently named Santiago, after 
the patron saint of Spain, but afterwards the name was changed to Ave 
Marfa, in honor of the Virgin. Through all these official changes, however, 
it retained its native original name. 

CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 

Until his death in 1524 Velasquez continued to govern Cuba as adelantado, 
or lieutenant-governor, under the governor and audiencia of San Domingo, 
He had five successors in the office of lieutenant-governor. The first governor, 
Hernando de Soto, was appointed in 1536; he was also adelantado of Florida. 
The first Captain-General was Don Gabriel de Lujan, appointed in 1581. 
After the founding of the colonies by Velasquez, the Spanish population 
increased very slowly; for more than one hundred years only two additional 
towns were founded, Guanabacoa in 1555 and El Cob re in 1558. In the 
seventeenth century but two towns of any importance, Matanzas and Santa 
Clara, were founded, and in the eighteenth but nine. At the end of this period 
the population of the island is said to have numbered 275,000 souls, while 
the development of its wealth had scarcely begun. 

If the situation and many natural advantages of Cuba be considered, it is 
evident that either the Cubans were blind to their opportunities or causes 
generally beyond their control retarded the growth of the population and the 
development of the island's resources. The latter would seem to be the case, 
although it can not be said that the Cubans were not in some measure account- 
able. 

In the general scheme of colonizing the West Indies, both Cuba and Jamaica 



30 HISTORY. 



were occupied to facilitate trade with the rich colonies of the Spanish main, 
and while still a young colony Cuba, as a depot of supply, was severely taxed 
by the numerous expeditions which sailed from her shores between the years 
1512 and 1538. 

It is by no means true, however, that in the administration of her colonies 
Spain was an exception to the general rule of liberal and generous government 
on the part of the various countries toward their colonial dependencies. In 
fact, much of the same ideas appear to have influenced all of them at the 
outset, although the results were different, as might be expected of governments 
having different origins, forms, and theories. The prevailing idea appears 
to have been that the political and economic interests of colonies were to be 
subordinated to those of the home country, no matter how injurious the con- 
sequences, and a course in harmony with this idea was followed unremittingly 
by Spain to the end of her supremacy over Cuba. 

Aside from the fact that during the early history of Cuba Spain had little 
surplus population to dispose of, and that through the expulsion of the Jews 
and Moors she lost a large and valuable part of this population, her trade 
restrictions would account, in some measure, for the slow increase in the 
population and industries of Cuba. These restrictions appear to have origi- 
nated in the royal cedula of May 6, 1497, granting to the port of Seville the 
exclusive privilege of trade with the colonies. At the same time the Casa de 
Contraiacion, or Council of Trade, was established and was given exclusive 
charge of the regulation of trade and commence, although later the Council 
exercised its functions under the general control of the Council of the Indies. 
San Domingo, and later Vera Cruz, were the only colonial ports authorized 
to trade with Seville. In 1717 the trade monopoly of Seville was transferred, 
by royal order, to the port of Cadiz, in Spain. 

While Santiago was the capital of Cuba, trade between the island and the 
home port was restricted to that place, and when the capital was transferred 
to Habana, that city became the sole port of entry. Even between the ports 
of Habana and Seville or Cadiz, until 1765, there was no free communication, 
but all trading vessels were gathered into fleets, or "flotas," from time to time, 
and made the voyage accompanied by Spanish warships, partly for protection 
against freebooters and pirates, but chiefly to prevent trade with other ports. 

The maritime laws regulating trade and commerce forbade trade between 
the colonies, and as early as 1592 trade with foreigners was only permitted by 
special authority, and in 1614 and 1680 trade with foreigners was prohibited 
under pain of death and confiscation of ihe property concerned. 

With the exception of the period when the English occupied the island, 
1762-63, Cuban ports were practically under embargo of the strictest kind 
until 1778, when Habana was opened to free trade. By the royal decree of 
October 12, 1778, trade between Santiago, Trinidad, Bataban6, and other 
Spanish ports was authorized. This privilege was extended to Nuevitas in 
1784, to Matanzas in 1793, to Caibari^n in 1794, and to Manzanillo and 
Baracoa in 1803. 



CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 31 

By the treaties of 1648 and 1714 between Spain and the Dutch provinces 
it was agreed that parties to the treaty should abstain from trading in the 
ports and along the coast of the Indies belonging to the other nation. Again, 
by the treaty of Madrid between England and Spain, similar agreements were 
made, although it was provided that in case vessels arrived at the prohibited 
ports under stress or shipwreck they should be received kindly and permitted 
to purchase provisions and repair damages. This privilege was subsequently 
withdrawn by royal orders of January 20 and April 15, 1784, which prescribed 
that no vessel belonging to a foreign nation should be permitted to enter. The 
severity of these restrictions was modified later on and, by a royal order of 
January 8, 1801, Cuban ports were thrown open to the commerce of friendly 
and neutral nations. 

Other commercial privileges granted in 1805, 1809, 1810, and 1812, were 
due, in great measure, if not entirely, to the French invasion of the peninsula 
and its effect on Spanish possessions in the West Indies and America. These 
concessions to trade with Spanish colonies were but temporary, however, as 
by royal orders of January 10, November 17, and July 10, 1809, foreign 
commerce with Spanish-American ports was prohibited. Against these last 
restrictions of trade, the various Spanish colonial governors, and especially 
the Captain-General of Cuba, protested on the ground of the necessities of the 
colonies and the inability of Spain to meet them. These objections having 
been favorably considered by the Council for the Indies, foreign trade with 
Habana was extended for a time. 

Many other decrees and royal orders affecting trade with Cuba and the 
other Spanish colonies were promulgated during the period between 1775 
and 1812, but it is plain that Spain was always averse to granting trade facilities 
to her colonies, and only did so for a time when forced by her necessities. 
After she had once opened Cuban ports and to that extent established the 
privilege of foreign trade, it was a difficult matter to close the ports again; 
consequently the next step was to restrict the trade as far as possible by duties, 
tonnage, and port dues, and by arbitrary tariffs imposed from time to time in 
such a way as to render foreign commerce unprofitable. Up to 1824 duties on 
foreign commerce were much greater than those on Spanish merchandise, 
and while from that year they were generally less restrictive, still they were 
always high enough to compel Cubans to purchase from Spanish merchants, 
who, as Spain did not herself produce what was needed, bought from French, 
German, American, or other sources, thereby raising prices far above what 
they would have been under a system less hampering. In fact, up to 1818 
Cuba does not appear to have had a tariff system. In that year a tariff was 
promulgated making the duties 26<^ per cent on agricultural implements and 
43 per cent ad valorem on other foreign merchandise. This was modified in 
1820 and 1822 and the duties reduced to 20 per cent on agricultural imple- 
ments and 37 per cent ad valorem on foreign industrial products. On all 
Spanish importations under this classification the duties were two-thirds 
less. The tariff of 1824 was less prohibitive. 



32 HISTORY. 



Apparently, either this arrangement for excluding foreign trade or the 
amount of customs revenue was not satisfactory, for an export tariff was 
established in 1828 on sugar and coffee, which had by that time become 
important products. The duty was four-fifths of a cent per pound on sugar 
and two-fifths of a cent per pound on cofice. If these products were exported 
in foreign vessels, the duty on sugar was doubled and that on coffee was 
increased to 1 cent per pound. With slight modifications these duties con- 
tinued to August 1, 1891, when, under the McKinley tariff law, a reciprocal 
coniniercial agreement was proclaimed by President Harrison between Spain 
and the United States, which enabled Cuba to seek its nearest and most 
natural market. In a short time nearly the entire trade of Cuba was trans- 
ferred to the United States, and Cuba enjoyed a degree of prosperity never 
before attained. 

But with the termination of this agreement by the tariff law of 1894, the 
old practice was reestablished, thus forcing upon the Cubans compulsory 
trade with Spain. There seems to be no question among impartial and 
intelligent judges as to the injurious effect of this system on the growth of 
Cuba's population and material progress, both largely dependent on com- 
mercial advantages. 

Another evil born of the system and given a certain amount of immunity 
through the reverses and disasters of the Spanish navy, is smuggling, which 
began with trade restrictions and monopolies and has continued almost to this 
day, the amount of merchandise smuggled being, for many years, nearly equal 
to that regularly imported and exported. Under the name of privateers, 
French, Dutch, English, and American smugglers and buccaneers swarmed 
in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico for more than two centuries, 
plundering Spanish fiotas and attacking colonial settlements. Among the 
latter, Cuba was the chief sufferer. In 1538 the marauders attacked and 
burned Habana. In 1544 they attacked Baracoa and Matanzas, and again 
sacked and burned Habana. In 1604 Giron, a French buccaneer, landed 
twice in Santiago, capturing the Morro, and in 1679 French buccaneers again 
raided the province. 

Coupled with trade restrictions and extending throughout the entire life of 
Cuba as a dependency of Spain, excessive taxation has always prevailed. In 
addition to the taxes on imports and exports, taxes were levied on real and 
personal property and on industries and commerce of all kinds. Every pro- 
fession, art, or manual occupation contributed its quota, while, as far back as 
1638, seal and stamp taxes were established on all judicial business and on all 
kinds of petitions and claims made to official corporations, and subsequently 
on all bills and accounts. 

There was also a municipal tax on the slaughter of cattle for the market. 
This privilege was sold by the municipal council to the highest bidder, with 
the result that assessments were made on all animals slaughtered, whether 
for the market or for private consumption, with a corresponding increase in 
the price of meat. 



CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 33 

Another tax established in 1528, called the derecho de averia, required the 
payment of 20 ducats ($1G) by every person, bond or free, arriving in the 
island. In 1665 this tax was increased to |22, and continued in force for one 
hundred years, thus retarding immigration, and, to that extent, the increase 
of population, especially of the laboring class. 

An examination of the taxes shows that they operated to discourage Cubans 
from owning property or engaging in many industrial pursuits tending to 
benefit them and to promote the material improvement of the island. 

Up to the year 1638 the taxes were collected by royal officers appointed 
by the King, and their accounts were passed on by the andiencia of San 
Domingo. In that year coniadores (auditors) were appointed who exercised 
fiscal supervision over the tax collectors, until, by royal cedvla of October 31, 
1764, the intendancy of Habana was established and the administration of 
taxes was conducted as in Spain. After 1892 the taxes were collected by the 
Spanish Bank under a ten years' contract, the bank receiving a commission of 
5 per cent. About 18 per cent of the assessed taxes remained uncollected 
between 1886 and 1897, and the deficits thus caused were added to the Cuban 
debt.i 

If to high taxes, high tariffs, and utter indifference, apparently, to the needs 
of the island be added a lack of banking facilities of all kinds, and a system of 
currency dependent entirely on the Spanish government and affected by all 
its financial difficulties, we have some of the reasons why the economic develop- 
ment of Cuba has been slow. All her industrial profits were absorbed by 
Spain, leaving no surplus to provide for the accumulation of capital and the 
material progress of the island.^ For many years Cuba was prohibited from 
cultivating such raw products as were raised in Spain, this policy being the 
exact opposite of the theory and practice under which England subsequently 
developed her manufacturing industries at home. The system followed in 
England was the very natural process of paying for the raw products of her 
colonies in manufactured articles, and no nation in Europe during the sixteenth 
century was in a better condition than Spain to establish such a system, as she 
was essentially a manufacturing country. With the expulsion of the Moors, 
however, her manufactures were practically ruined, and she became little 
more than a clearing house for foreign products. 

Long after repeated warnings should have suggested a greater measure of 
economic and political independence for Cuba, the entire system of Cuban 
government and administration was retained in the hands of Spanish officials 
to the exclusion of native Cubans. The feelings aroused by this policy would 

•According to the data of the tribunal of accounts {tribjuwl dc sucnt/is) of Habana, 
referred to by Sefior la Sagra, Cuba received as ordinary and extraordinary " siluudos" 
from Mexico, from 176(i to 1788, the sum of 57,739,346 pesos luerus, and from 
1788 to 1806, 50,411,158 pesos fiiertes. 

*The proof of tiiis is the bad condition of the roads and harbors, the absence of 
docking facilities, the lack of adequate water supply in cities, and tiie absence of sew- 
ers, paved streets, and schoolhouses and other public buildings essential to every 
community. 



34 HISTORY. 

undoubtedly have been appeased if greater economic and political freedom 
•had been allowed. Political independence was not generally advocated at 
first. Autonomy under the protection of Spain was as much as the industrial 
classes wished, and had this been granted ten years earlier Cuba might and 
probably would have remained a Spanish colony. 

The tirst serious opposition to the insular government was brought out by 
the attempt of Captain-General Vicente Roja to enforce the government 
monopoly in tobacco, decreed in 1717. Several bloody riots occurred and 
Roja wius obliged to withdraw temporarily from the island. 

Apart from uprisings among the negroes, stimulated no doubt by the 
success of their race over the French in the neighboring island of San Domingo, 
there were no attempts at insurrection on the part of Cubans until after the 
conspiracy of 1823, planned by a secret society known as the "Soles de 
Bolivar." This conspiracy resulted from the attempt of Captain-General 
Vives to carry out the instructions of Ferdinand VII, after the abrogation of 
the Spanish liberal constitution of 1812, and was intended as a protest against 
a return to absolutism in Cuba. The conspiracy was of a serious character 
and extended over the entire island. The conspiracy failed and the leader, 
Jose Francisco Lemus, and a large number of conspirators were arrested and 
deported. A feeling of bitter resentment against the government was the 
result, and a period of agitation and public demonstration followed. Frequent 
unsuccessful uprisings were attempted in 1824. 

On May 28, 1825, a royal decree was issued, conferring on the Captain- 
General "all the powers of governors of cities in a state of siege * * * w^ith 
full and unlimited authority to detach from the island and to send to the 
Peninsula all officials and persons employed in whatsoever capacity, and of 
whatsoever rank, class, or condition, whose presence may appear prejudicial, 
or whose public or private conduct may inspire you with suspicion * * * and 
further to suspend the execution of any order or general regulations issued in 
whatever branch of the administration and to whatever extent you may con- 
sider convenient to the royal service, etc., to see that faithful servants of His 
Majesty be remembered, at the same time punishing without delay or hesi- 
tation the misdeeds of those, etc."^ 

An army from Spain, intended for the subjugation of former Spanish 
colonies in South America, which was to have been dispatched from Cuba, 
was retained there, and a military commission was permanently organized 
to try political offenses under the above decree and the articles of war. 

Political agitation having taken the form of revolutionary demonstrations, 
there was a gradual separation on political lines between the Cubans and 
Spaniards, and numberless Cuban secret societies were formed throughout 
the island. Allied with the Cubans were all of the more radical, as well as the 
more moderate liberal members of the community, while the Spanish party 
included beneficiaries of former monopolies and the conservative and reaction- 

' Promulgated again in the royal decrees of March 21 and 26, 1834. 



CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 35 

ary elements, which, under the policy of the Captains-General, had crystallized 
around the oflBcials of the government and their coadjutors in the church. 

The political agitation continued, and in 1826 a small uprising took place 
in Camagiiey, directed by the Sociedad de la Cadena, and aimed against the 
abuses of the regiment Leon quartered there. The same year (June 22) the 
Congress of American Republics assembled at Panama. The object of this 
congress was to urge the establishment of liberal principles of commercial 
intercourse in peace and war, the advancement of religious liberty, and the 
abolition of slavery, and to discuss the relations of Haiti, the affairs of Cuba 
and Porto Rico, the continuation of the war of Spain on her Spanish colonies, 
and the Monroe doctrine. 

While the United States no doubt S3Tiipathized with the objects of the con- 
gress, the debates in the Senate and House of Representatives indicated a 
desire to avoid interference with Spain. As a result, the American delegates 
were given limited powers, and this, coupled with the conservative attitude 
of the United States, resulted in the failure of the congress to achieve any result. 

The year before, Francisco Agiiero and Manuel Andres Sanches, a second 
lieutenant in the Colombian army, had been sent from Cuba to the United 
States and to Colombia to seek the assistance of these countries. An expedition 
was organized in Colombia to be led by the famous Colombian patriot, Simon 
Bolivar, but the failure of the Panama congress caused the abandonment of 
the expedition. On the return of the emissaries to Cuba they were arrested, 
tried, and executed. 

In 1830 a revolution was planned by the society of the "Black Eagle," a 
Masonic fraternity having its base of operations in Mexico, with secondary 
bases in Habana and at various points throughout the island. The conspiracy 
failed, and several of the conspirators received sentence of death, which was 
afterwards commuted by Captain-General Vives to sentence to life imprison- 
ment. The object of the conspiracy was the independence of Cuba, the pretext, 
a report that the island was to be ceded to Great Britain. 

In 1836 the constitution of 1S12 was reestablished in Spain, but this change 
did not benefit Cuba. On the contrary, the deputies sent from Cuba to the 
constitutional convention in Madrid were excluded, and, by a royal decree of 
1837, the representation in the Cortes which had been given Cuba in 1834 was 
taken away, and it was announced that Cuba would be governed by special 
laws. These, the Cubans claim, were never published. From this time to 
1847 several uprisings or insurrections occurred throughout Cuba, followed 
in that year by a revolutionary conspiracy organized by Narciso Lopez, and 
having in view the liberation of the island or its annexation to the United 
States. It had been arranged to make the first demonstration on the 4th of 
July, in the city of Cienfuegos, but the plot was made known to the Spanish 
governor, and Lopez and his companions fled to the United States, where, in 
1849, they organized a filibustering expedition, which was prevented from 
leaving by the vigilance of the government of the United States. In 1850 



36 HISTORY. 



Lopez organized a second expedition, which sailed from New Orleans, May 
10, and landed with 000 men ut Cardenas, attacking its small garrison. A 
portion of the garrison surrendered with Governor Ceniti and the remainder 
went over to the insurgents. As the uprising upon which Lopez depended did 
not take place, he reembarked the same day and made his escape to Key West. 

Undeterred by these failures, in 1851 he organized a third expedition of 
480 men, which sailed from New Orleans and landed, August 12, at Playitas, 
near Bahfa Honda, 55 miles west of Habana. Colonel Crittenden, of Ken- 
tucky, with 150 men formed part of the force. On landing Lopez advanced 
on Las Pozas, leaving Colonel Crittenden in El Morrillo. Meeting a Spanish 
force under General Enna, Lopez was defeated after a gallant fight; his 
force was dispersed; and he and some 50 of his men were captured and taken 
to Habana, where he was garroted. In attempting to escape by sea Crittenden 
and his party were captured and on the 16th of September were shot at the 
castle of Atares. 

In the same year an uprising took place in Camagiiey, but the movement 
came to naught and the leader, Juaquin de Agiiero, and several of his com- 
panions were executed. 

Following the attempt of Agiiero came the conspiracy of Vuelta Abajo, 
organized in 1852 by Juan Gonzalez Alvara, a wealthy planter of the province 
of Pinar del Rio. Associated with him were several other prominent Cubans, 
among them Francisco de Eras, Count of Pozos Dulces. This attempt at 
revolution was discovered and the leading conspirators arrested. They were 
tried and sentenced to death, but were finally transported under sentence of 
life imprisonment. 

Meantime the Liberal Club of Habana and the Cuban Junta in New York 
were raising money and organizing expeditions destined for Cuba. But 
these expeditions accomplished little. 

The revolution of 1868 was commenced at Yara in the province of Cama- 
giiey, and was ended by the capitulation of Zanjon, February 10, 1878. No 
battles were fought, but there were many deaths from disease, executions, 
and massacres, and the Spanish troops suffered severely from yellow fever, 
which prevailed at all times in the seacoast cities. The war is said to have 
cost the contestants $300,000,000, which was charged to the debt of Cuba. 

By the treaty of Zanjon Spain agreed to give greater civil, political, and 
administrative privileges to the people of Cuba. It has been claimed by 
Cubans that the promises were never fulfilled, and this and the failure of the 
Cortes to pass the bill reforming the government of Cuba, introduced in 1894 
by Seiior Maura, minister for the colonies, are generally given as the causes 
of the last rebellion. On the other hand, Spain has always insisted that every 
promise was observed, and that even more w'as granted than was promised 
in the articles of the capitulation. Thus, by the decree of March 1, 1878, 
Cuba and Porto Rico were given representation in the Spanish Corte.s, upon 
the basis of their respective populations, and the provincial and municipal 



ATTITUDE OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 

laws of 1877 promulgated in Spain were made applicable to Cuba. By 
proclamation of March 24, 1878, full amnesty was given to all, even to Spanish 
deserters who had served in the insurgent army; on May 23, 1879, the penal 
code of Spain and the rules for its application were made effective in Cuba; 
on April 7, 1881, the Spanish constitution was extended to Cuba by law; in 
1885 the Spanish law of civil procedure was given to Cuba; and on July 
31, 1889, the Spanish civil code, promulgated in 1888, was put in operation 
in Cuba and Porto Rico. 

After examining all the evidence, however, the student of Cuban history 
will probably conclude that while the Spanish government was technically 
correct in claiming to have enacted all laws necessary to make good her 
promises, there usually was a failure to execute them, and that, as a matter 
of fact, political conditions in Cuba remained practically as they were before 
the war, although very much improved on the surface. It was the interpreta- 
tion and execution of the laws by governors having but little sympathy with 
the natives, rather than the laws themselves, that caused most of the trouble 
in Cuba. 

A serious permanent fall in the price of sugar in 1884 and the final abolition 
of slavery in 1887 added to the economic troubles of the people, and in con- 
junction with continued political oppression, kept alive the feeling which 
brought on the war. From 1893 to 1898 the revenues of Cuba, under exces- 
sive taxation, high duties, and the Habana lottery, averaged about $25,000,000 
per annum, although the amount was very much larger in previous years,^ 
varying according to the financial exigencies of the Spanish government. 
Of this amount $10,500,000 went to Spain to pay the interest on the Cuban 
debt; $12,000,000 was allotted for the support of the Spanish-Cuban army 
and navy and the maintenance of the Cuban government in all its branches, 
including the church; and the remainder, $2,500,000, was allowed for public 
works, education, and the general improvement of Cuba, independent of 
municipal expenditures. As the amounts appropriated annually in the 
Cuban budget were not sufficient to cover the expenditures and there was a 
failure to collect the taxes, deficits were inevitable. These were charged to 
the Cuban debt. By 1897, as a result of this and other causes, the debt 
aggregated about $400,000,000, or $283.54 per capita — an amount more than 
three times as large as the per capita debt of Spain and much larger than the 
per capita debt of any other European country. 

ATTITUDE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The United States had always shown a friendly interest in the affairs of 
Cuba, and the question of its annexation had been discussed as far back as 
1825j when Mr. John Quincy Adams was President. A popular movement 
for the annexation of Cuba was started in the Southern states during the 

'In 1860, $29,610,779; 1880, S40,000,000; 1882, $35,860,240.77. Cuba was ex- 
pected to contribute whatever was demanded. 



38 IIISTOllY. 

Mexican war (1846). Two years later President Polk made propositions to 
the Spanish government, through the American minister in Madrid, having 
in view the purchase of the island. 

In 1854, the strained relations between Spain and the United States, 
growing out of the detention of the American steamer Black Warrior in the 
harbor of Habana, on the charge of violating the customs regulations, and 
the search of several American vessels by Spanish cruisers, resulted in the 
"Ostend Manifesto," which was drawn up by the American ministers to 
England, France, and Spain. In this manifesto it was declared "that the 
possession of Cuba by a foreign power was a menace to the peace of the 
United States, and that Spain be offered the alternative of taking $200,000,000 
for her sovereignty over the island or having it taken from her by force." 
During the ten years' war. President Grant expressed to the Spanish govern- 
ment his belief that only independence and emancipation could settle the 
Cuban question and that intervention might be necessary to end the war, 
and repeatedly proffered the good offices of the United States in reestablishing 
peace. Meanwhile, in 1873, the capture of the Virginius and the execution 
of 53 of her passengers and crew in the city of Santiago de Cuba by order of 
the Spanish commander came near involving the countries in war, which, 
however, was avoided by diplomatic action. 

As the rebellion of 1895 proceeded, much sympathy was felt for the Cubans 
by the people of the United States, which being reflected in Congress, resulted 
in a concurrent resolution of strict neutrality, coupled with a declaration that 
the United States should proffer its good offices to Spain, through President 
Cleveland, with a view of ending the war and securing the independence of 
the island; but nothing came of it. In 1896, both Republican and Demo- 
cratic national conventions passed resolutions of sympathy for the Cubans 
and demanded that the government take action. 

Although the Committee on Foreign Relations in the Senate reported a 
resolution, December 21, 1896, recognizing the republic of Cuba, it was never 
taken from the calendar. Meanwhile reports of outrages and indignities to 
American citizens in Cuba and of the dreadful effects of reconcentration 
were frequently communicated to the government or published in the press. 

In May, 1897, Congress appropriated S50,000 for the purchase of supplies 
for the reconcenirados,^ as it was reported that many of them were, or claimed 
to be, American citizens. The supplies were sent under permission of Spain, 
and were distributed to the reconcentrados, whether Americans or not, and 
soon afterwards the revocation of the edict of reconcentration and the recall 
of Captain-General Weyler were requested by the United States. While 
these requests were favorably received by Spain, it was very evident that 

' Reconcentrados, or, as they were called, " Pacificos," were the country people (small 
farmers) who sympathized with the insurgents and gave them such assistance as 
they could. The proclamation of Captain-General Weyler, issued in 1896, required 
them to abandon their homes and property of every kind and move into the nearest 
towns, where many of them died of starvation and disease. Their homes were de- 
stroyed. 



THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 39 



little was being done, and as the war continued apparently on the same lines, 
it was thought advisable to send a man-of-war to Habana for the protection 
of American citizens. The battleship Maine was selected for this duty, and 
sailed in January, and before long the Spanish cruiser Viscaya was ordered 
to visit New York, as evidence of existing friendly relations. On the night of 
February 15 the Maine was blown up and 2 officers and 264 sailors lost their 
lives. A board of naval officers was convened by the President of the United 
States to examine into the circumstances, and after a careful investigation, 
extending over a month, reported that the ship had been blown up from the 
outside. A contrary report was the result of a Spanish investigation. The 
report of the naval board was laid before the Congress of the United States 
by the President, who meanwhile had used every effort to avoid war by diplo- 
matic action. 

Early in April it became known that Spain had proposed to the insurgents 
a suspension of hostilities, to be followed by a capitulation, and had appro- 
priated $600,000 for the relief of the reconcentrados, but that the proposal 
had been rejected by the insurgent leaders. The President sent a message 
to Congress on April 11, requesting authority to end the war and to secure 
in Cuba the establishment of a stable government capable of maintaining 
order and observing its international obligations. On April 19 Congress 
passed joint resolutions, which, after reciting the conditions existing in Cuba, 
demanded the withdrawal of Spain from the island, and empowered the 
President to use the military and naval forces of the United States to carry 
the resolutions into effect. 



THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 



This was practically a declaration of war, and, on April 23, the President 
issued a proclamation calling for 125,000 volunteers, which number was 
subsequently increased to 200,000, and the regular army to 60,000 men. 
By a formal declaration of April 30, Congress announced that war had existed 
since April 21. ■ 

On April 24 Commodore Dewey, commanding the Asiatic squadron, was 
notified by the Secretary of the Navy that war with Spain had begun, and 
he was ordered to proceed to the Philippine Islands and capture or destroy 
the Spanish fleet. On April 27 he sailed from Hongkong and on the afternoott 
of April 30 arrived at the entrance of Manila bay, where, on the following 
day, he captured or destroyed all of the vessels of the Spanish fleet. 

On June 14 an American army, numbering 15,000 men, under command 
of Gen. W. R. Shafter, sailed from Port Tampa, Fla., for Santiago de Cuba, 
where it arrived on the morning of June 20, and on July 1 and 2 the battle of 
San Juan took place, resulting in the defeat of the Spanish troops and the 
investment of Santiago.^ On the morning of July 3, the Spanish fleet., under 
Admiral Cervera, attempted to escape from the harbor, but was intercepted 

'This included the operations of Lawton at El Caney, July 1. 



40 HISTORY. 



by the American fleet under Capt. William T. Sampson and totally destroyed. 
On July 10 articles of capitulation were si<i:ned at Santiago de Cuba, and the 
fornmi surrender of the Spanish forces in the eastern district of Santiago 
followed on July 17. 

On August 12 a protocol provided for a cessation of hostilities, and on 
December 10 a treaty of peace between the United States and Spain was 
signed at Paris. It was ratified by the President on February 6, 1809, and by 
the Queen Regent of Spain on March 19, and proclaimed in Washington, 
D. C, on April 11. 

Cuba was to be free at last on the single condition that "she establish a 
stable government capable of maintaining order and observing international 
obligations." 

While the ten' years' war was not without disastrous effects on the economic 
development of Cuba, these effects were trifling as compared with those of 
the war of 1895-1898, during which, according to a conservative estimate, 
the population of the island decreased 12 per cent and its wealth two-thirds. 

THE FIRST AMERICAN INTERVENTION. 

On the withdrawal of Spain the government of the island devolved on the 
army of the United States under the laws of war, and Maj. Gen. John R. 
Brooke was appointed Military Governor. He entered on his duties January 
1, 1899, and in order to acquaint the people of the island with the intentions 
of the President as Commander in Chief of the army, issued the following 
proclamation: 
To the People of Cuba: 

Coming among you as the representative of the President, in furtherance and in 
continuation of the humane purpose with which my country interfered to put an end 
to the distressing condition in this island, I deem it proper to say that the object of 
the present government is to give protection to the people, security to person and 
property, to restore confidence, to encourage the people to resume the pursuits of 
peace, to build up waste plantations, to resume commercial traffic, and to afford full 
protection in the exercise of all civil and religious rights. 

To this end the protection of the United States government will be directed, and 
even,' ])ossible provision made to carry out these objects through the channels of 
civil administration, although under military control, in the interest and for the 
benefit of all the people of Cuba, and those possessed of rights and property in the 
island. 

The civil and criminal code which prevailed prior to the relinquishment of Spanish 
sovereignty will remain in force, with such modifications and clianges as may from 
time to time be found necessary in the interest of good government. 

The people of Cuba, without regard to previous afliliations, are invited and urged 
to cooperate in these objects by the exercise of modemtion, conciliation, and good 
will one toward another; and a hearty accord in our humanitarian purposes will 
insure kind and beneficent government. 

The military governor of the island will always be pleased to confer with those 
who may desire to consult him on matters of public interest. 

On January 11 General Brooke revised the cabinet, vesting the administra- 
tion of the civil government in a department of state and government, a 



THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA. 41 

department of finance, a department of justice and public instruction, and 
a department of agriculture, commerce, industries, and public works. 

Many changes, having in view the better administration of the government, 
were made by General Brooke and his successor, Gen. Leonard E. Wood, 
who was appointed Military Governor, December 20, 1899. The object was 
to confer upon the people of Cuba full civil rights, together with all the 
powers of local self-government — municipal, provincial, and insular — and 
to do this as rapidly as possible under the local conditions and the serious 
international obligations to protect life and property in the island, which 
were assumed by the United States under the treaty of Paris. 

This object was accomplished successfully, and, in addition, great benefits 
were gained by the people of Cuba through the thorough and stringent sani- 
tary measures put into operation, the upbuilding of the public schools of the 
country, the development and improvement of highways, the extension of the 
postal and telegraph systems, and the general administration of public affairs 
so as to permit the rapid development of agricultural and commercial business. 
A period of prosperity resiflted, which not only reflected great credit on the 
American administration, but gave substantial proof of the wonderful re- 
sources of the island, and its great possibilities for material advancement. 

THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA. 

On May 20, 1902, the military government of Cuba, by order of President 
Roosevelt, issued in compliance with the promise made by the United States 
Congress, in the Teller Resolution, transferred the government of Cuba to 
its newly elected President and Congress, and the new Republic entered on 
its national life under the best auspices. In its relation with the United 
States, Cuba was different from other Latin American Republics; this unique 
position was due to the fact that the Cubans had adopted as a part of their 
constitution, a law enacted by the Congress of the United States and known 
as the Piatt amendment and later had incorporated it in a permanent treaty 
between their country and the United States. According to the law and 
treaty, the Republic of Cuba undertook to enter into no compact with any 
foreign power which would tend to impair the independence of the Republic, 
to contract no public debt to the service of which it could not properly attend, 
to lease coaling stations to the United States, and to execute and extend plans 
for the sanitation of the cities of the island, and consented that the United 
States might exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban 
independence and the maintenance of a government capable of protecting 
life, property, and individual liberty, and of discharging such obligations 
imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States as were now to be assumed 
and undertaken by the government of Cuba. 

The progress of Cuba under its own government was for some time most 
gratifying to its friends throughout the world. But political dissensions arose 
in 1905 and increased, until in August, 190G, open revolt against the govern- 

4 



42 HISTORY. 

ment began. In that month a small armed force took the field, and uprisings 
immediately followed throujjhout the country, led by men disaffected with 
the government. The ranks of the insurtjcnts were doubtless augmented on 
account of the tendency to insurrection that had been cultivated by a long 
period of rebellion in Cuba, as well as by the inclination of many to secure 
relief from toil and to live on the country and the property of others. The 
power of this irregular force to do damage was incalculable. 

The government of Cuba found itself entirely unprepared. Its artillery 
and rural guard were comparatively small, and so scattered as to be unable 
to cope with the insurrectionists. The government made desperate efforts 
to organize militia, but with very unsatisfactory results. 

THE APPEAL TO THE UNITED STATES FOR INTERVENTION. 

By the beginning of September the Cuban government realized the help- 
lessness of its situation, and applied to the United States government for 
intervention; and President Palma announced his irrevocable intention to 
resign his office in order to save his country from complete anarchy. The 
American State Department did all in its power to discourage the request, 
and President Roosevelt dispatched the Secretary of War, Mr. Taft, and the 
Assistant Secretary of State, Mr. Bacon, to Habana to render all possible 
aid in securing peace. 

THE PEACE COMMISSION. 

Secretaries Taft and Bacon arrived in Habana, September 19, 1906. The 
task confronting them was extremely serious. Though there was no doubt 
that the American naval forces assembling in Habana harbor could in a short 
time disperse any large bodies of insurgents, it was quite evident that the 
employment of force would certainly give rise to guerrilla warfare, M'hich 
would mean the loss of many lives, the destruction of a great deal of property, 
and the expenditure of large sums of money. 

The Peace Commission, consisting of Secretaries Taft and Bacon, gave 
hearing to prominent men of the island, had many conferences with the 
leaders of the different political parties, received and considered suggestions 
for the settlement of the pending differences, and finally proposed a com- 
promise. The compromise contemplated the resignations of the Vice-Presi- 
dent, Senators, Representatives, Governors, and Provisional Councilmen 
elected at the fraudulent elections of December, 1905; the laying down of 
the arms of the insurgents; the constitution of a commission for the purpose 
of drafting laws most urgently needed; and the holding of elections under 
the provisions of the electoral law to be drafted by such commission. The 
earnest endeavors of the commission to have the plan accepted by all parties 
were without avail. The President insisted on resigning, all the cabinet 
officers resigned, and the President called a special session of Congress in 
order that he might submit his own resignation and that of the Vice-President. 



THE PEACE COMMISSION. 43 

Pursuant to the call, Congress met September 28, received the rasignations, 
and adjourned on the same day without electing a successor to the President, 
The country was thus left without a government, and President Palma so 
informed the Peace Commission, and stated that it was necessary for him 
to turn over the national funds to some responsible person. Secretary Taft 
accordingly issued the following proclamation establishing the provisional 
government of Cuba: 

To the people of Cuba: 

The failure of Congress to act on the irrevocable resignation of the President of 
the Republic of Cuba, or to elect a successor, leaves this country without a govern- 
ment at a time when great disorder prevails, and requires that pursuant to a request 
of President Palma, the necessary steps be taken in the name and by the authority 
of the President of the United States, to restore order, protect life and property in 
the Island of Cuba and islands and keys adjacent thereto and for this purpose to 
estabhsh therein a provisional government. 

The provisional government hereby established by direction and in the name of 
the President of the United States will be maintained only long enough to restore 
order and peace and public confidence, and then to hold such elections as may be 
necessary to determine those persons upon whom the permanent government of the 
Republic should be devolved. 

In so far as is consistent with the nature of a provisional government established 
under authority of the United States, this will be a Cuban government conforming, 
as far as may be, to the Constitution of Cuba. The Cuban flag will be hoisted as usual 
over the government buildings of the island. All the executive departments and 
the provisional and municipal governments, including that of the city of Habana, 
will continue to be administered as under the Cuban RepubUc. The coiu"ts will 
continue to administer justice, and all laws not in their nature inapplicable by reason 
of the temporary and emergent character of the government, will be enforced. 

President Roosevelt has been most anxious to bring about peace under the con- 
stitutional government of Cuba, and has made every endeavor to avoid the present 
step. Longer delay, however, would be dangerous. 

In view of the resignation of the Cabinet, until further notice, the heads of all 
departments of the central government will report to me for instructions, including 
Major-General Alejandro Rodriguez, in command of the Rural Guard and other 
regular government forces, and General Carios Roloff, Treasurer of Cuba. 

Until further notice, the Civil Governors and .-Vlcaldes will also report to me for 
instructions. 

I ask all citizens and residents of Cuba to assist in tlie work of restoring order, 
tranquillity, and public confidence. 

The general public satisfaction with this action is apparent from the fact 
that, though the government and the insurgents had thousands of men under 
arms, this simple decree was sufficient to establish the pro^^sional adminis- 
tration, the only American force landed being a small squad of marines to 
protect the Treasury. The important and delicate task of the disarmament 
of the insurgent forces and of the militia was then successfully carried into 
effect by commissions consisting of American officers and prominent Cubans; 
and a proclamation of general amnesty was issued. The general attitude of 
the people of Habana toward the action of the Peace Commission was made 
evident when Secretaries Taft and Bacon embarked for the United States on 



44 HISTORY. 



October 13, 1906. The people of Habana forgot their political differences, 
and taking thought of the fact that the horrors of civil war had been averted, 
all parties joined in a demonstration of gratitude and praise for the work that 
had been accomplished. 

Upon Secretary Taft's leaving the office of Provisional Governor, President 
Roosevelt appointed in his place the Hon. Charles E. Magoon, who had 
shortly before retired from the position of Governor of the Canal Zone and 
American Minister to Panama, in which post he had successfully carried out 
the difficult task of organizing the Canal Zone government, and had estab- 
lished friendly relations with the Republic of Panama. To assist him, officers 
of the United States army were appointed advisers to the acting secretaries 
of the Cuban executive departments. 

ELECTION OF PRESmENT g6mEZ. 

The plan approved by the Peace Commission provided for the enactment 
of a new electoral law. Accordingly, there was appointed an advisory law 
commission which, after a thorough investigation, recommended the law 
promulgated by the Provisional Governor in April, 1908. This law provided 
for an electoral college of 106 electors, apportioned among the six provinces 
at the ratio of one elector for twenty-five thousand inhabitants. By a decree 
issued a few weeks later the presidential election, at which the members of 
the lower house of congress were also to be chosen, w-as set for November 14, 
1908. Absolute peace and order marked the election, which followed a 
vigorous political campaign. The liberal candidates, General Jos^ Miguel 
G6mez for President, and Senor Alfredo Zaj'as for Vice-President, received 
a total of 195,197 votes, being a majority of 68,069 over the conservative 
candidates, General Mario Menocal for President and Senor Rafael Montoro 
for Vice-President. 

The electoral college met on December 19, 1908, and consummated the 
election of President G6mez and Vice-President Zayas, and recommended 
that they be inaugurated at noon on January 2S, 1909. This recommenda- 
tion was approved by the President of the United States. The law provides 
that their term of office shall extend to May 20, 1913. 




THE SURRENDER TREE NEAR SAN JUAN H11,L, 



CLIMATE. 



In the year 1899, the United States Weather Bureau established meteoro- 
logical stations at the following 7 points: Habana and Matanzas on the north 
coast; Cienfuegos and Santiago de Cuba on the south coast; and Pinar del 
Rfo, Santa Clara, and Camaguey in the interior of the island. These stations 
were maintained by the United States until the organization of the Cuban 
Weather Bureau in 1905, when they were transferred to it. The Cuban 
Weather Bureau has established 24 additional stations, making a total of 31. 
At 7 of the stations observations have been made almost continuously for more 
than seven years, and at the rest observations have been made since 1905, but 
with numerous breaks in continuity. 

The climate of Cuba is tropical and insular. There are no extremes of 
heat, and there is no cold weather. There are but slight ranges of temper- 
ature between day and night, and between summer and winter. Rainfall, 
though everywhere abundant, is nowhere excessive in amount. The humid- 
ity of the atmosphere is great. The prevailing winds are the easterly trades. 

As a result of the slight extent of the island from north to south, the climate 
would be very similar everywhere, were it not for differences in exposure to 
the prevailing winds, differences in distance from the coast, etc. 

TEMPERATURE. 

The table on the following page shows the monthly and annual mean 
temperature according to the records made at 20 stations of the Cuban 
Weather Bureau during the years since they were established. 

The average of the annual mean temperatures of all of the Weather Bureau 
stations in Cuba was 77° Fahrenheit, which may be accepted as an approxi- 
mation to the average mean temperature of the island. The range among 
these 20 stations was from 74° in Aguacate to 80° in San Cayetano, Bataban6, 
and Guayabal. The location of the station, whether on the coast or in the 
interior, apparently has little influence upon the annual mean temperature. 

The moan of all the stations for July, commonly the warmest month, was 
82°, and for January, commonly the coolest month, 71°. In the latter case, 
the'range among the diflercnt stations was 9°, from 67° in Aguacate to 76° in 
San Cayetano and Guayabal. In the former case, the range was 7° only, from 
78° in Aguacate to 85° in Bataban6. The ranges in monthly means at the 
several stntions differ considerably, varying from 7° to 15°, but there seems to 
be no relation between this range and the location of the station. 

(45) 



46 



CLIMATE. 



I ^ 



i? ' 

c ^ ^ ^ « 

5 o c E- 

; g C OJ eS 



■jaqoieoaQ 



'jsqiuaAo^ij 



•jaqojoo 



'jaqiuatdas 



•^snSnv 



•A-pif 



atmf 



•Xbk 



ipdv 



•qoiBN 



•jfjBniqaj 



•illBnUBf 



WOO'-e^Ot-'-t^'O—iNCO-* — N'-0SOt» 



OOOOOOOOOOOOKt^OOOOKOOOOOOt^OOOOaOCOOO 



©0050WNU5t-<a'-l-*-^»OOOOl©'*W«1< 



•«9A 




TEMPERATURE. 



47 



The following tables show, first, the monthly mean maximum temperatures, 
and second, the monthly mean minimum temperatures: 

Monthly mean maximum tejnperatures. 
[Degrees Fahrenheit.] 



STATION. 


i4 

a 
d 

>-5 


•g 


1 


D. 
< 


>> 


>-5 


3 

•-5 


1 

3 
< 


s 

a. 

OQ 


1.4 

<0 

o 
o 
O 


B 

> 

o 


XI 

S 


Plnar del Rio 


78 
75 
78 
79 
80 
80 
83 
81 
75 
81 
78 
79 
77 
72 
74 
80 
79 
75 
74 
88 
81 
81 
87 


80 

77 
81 
82 
84 
84 
83 
82 
80 
85 
82 
82 
79 
74 
70 
84 
81 
77 
75 
89 
80 
83 
88 


83 

79 
83 
83 
86 
85 
85 
84 
82 
88 
84 
81 
83 
76 
79 
86 
82 
80 
76 
90 
84 
84 
88 


85 
80 
83 
85 
86 
87 
86 
86 
83 
90 
85 
84 
85 
78 
80 
88 
83 
80 
77 
91 
87 
87 
88 


87 
83 
86 
87 
91 
89 
86 
88 
87 
94 
90 
86 
88 
86 
84 
91 
86 
84 
80 
92 
92 
88 
91 


88 
85 
89 
87 
89 
90 
87 
89 
88 
95 
92 
87 
89 
88 
84 
92 
86 
85 
82 
92 
92 
90 
91 


90 
86 
90 
89 
92 
91 
89 
91 
89 
98 
93 
90 
90 
89 
86 
92 
89 
86 
85 
97 
95 
92 
92 


90 
85 
91 
89 
90 
91 
90 
91 


89 
86 
91 
87 
90 
90 
88 
90 


86 
83 
88 
86 
87 
88 
86 
89 
79 
94 
89 
85 
88 
88 
83 
89 
88 
82 
82 
94 
87 
88 
90 


82 
80 
82 
82 
82 
85 
84 

' 78' 
88 
86 
81 
81 
80 
78 
82 
86 
79 
79 
91 
85 
88 
91 


79 


Habana 


77 


Matanzas 


77 


Cienfuegos 


80 


Santa Clara 


81 


CamagOey 


83 


Santiago 


83 


San Cavetano 


86 


Guanajay 


78 


Bataban6 


98 
93 
90 
90 
88 
86 
93 
90 
87 
86 
97 
93 
93 
92 


98 
92 
88 
89 
85 
85 
91 
90 
84 
86 
94 
91 
91 
90 


87 


Aguacate 


79 


Unidn de Reyes 


80 


Banagilises 


78 


Sierra Morena 


76 


Cifuentes 


76 


Camajuani 


79 


Yaguajav 


85 


Sancti-Spiritus 


76 


Mor6n 


75 


Guayabal 


87 


Manzanlllo 


81 


Gibara 


87 


Guant&namo 


87 







Monthly mean minimum temperatures. 
[Degrees Fahrenheit.] 



Pinar del Rfo . . 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Cienfuegos 

Santa Clara 

CamagOey 

Santiago 

Bataban(3 

Aguacate 

Uni6n de Reyes 
BanagtUses .... 
Sierra Morena. . 

Cifuentes 

Camajuani 

Yaguajay. 

Sancti-Spiritus. 

Morfin 

Guayabal 

Manzanillo 

Gibara 

GuantS,namo. .. 



63 
65 
60 
63 
59 
64 
67 
62 
56 
75 
66 
61 
67 
58 
60 
67 
54 
63 
69 
66 
62 



64 
66 
63 
64 
62 
66 
68 
64 
60 
73 
67 
62 
69 
65 
62 
67 
54 
64 
70 
66 
64 



68 
64 
65 
64 
67 
70 
67 
65 
74 
72 
62 
71 
61 
62 
70 
55 
67 
71 
69 
65 



70 
71 
68 
70 
65 
68 
72 
71 
67 
76 
73 
68 
75 
65 
64 
74 
59 
71 
66 
69 
67 



72 
73 
72 
73 
70 
70 
72 
73 
66 
78 
74 
69 
76 
66 
66 
74 
64 
72 
69 
71 
68 



74 
74 
72 
73 
72 
71 
74 
73 
64 
78 
75 
70 
78 
66 
69 
75 
66 
71 
68 
72 
68 



73 
75 
72 
73 
70 
72 
72 
73 
63 
79 
75 
70 
77 
68 
70 
76 
66 
72 
66 
73 
65 



73 
74 
73 
73 
69 
71 
72 
72 
63 
77 
74 
71 
74 
68 
71 
73 
67 
71 
65 
71 
68 



71 
73 
70 
71 
68 
69 
72 
72 
62 
75 
76 
70 
75 
66 
70 
72 
64 
72 
70 
70 
68 



66 
69 
67 
68 
65 
67 
70 
69 
67 
73 
71 
67 
72 
61 
67 
70 
60 
69 
67 
68 
66 



63 
65 
62 
64 
61 
65 
68 
65 
55 
65 
67 
64 
67 
59 
65 
65 
55 
64 
63 
68 
61 



The highest monthly mean maximum temperature is apparently at Bata- 
ban6, where the maximum temperature averaged 98° for July, August, and 
September, and the lowest summer maximum at Habana, Cifuentes, and 
Mor6n, where the monthly average of maximum temperatures was only 86°. 



48 



CLIMATE. 



July anil August have the highest montlily mean maximum temperatures in 
most phices. 

The lowest mimimum is apparently at I\Ior6n, where, for each of the tiiree 
months of January, February, and March, the minimum temperature averaged 
64°. It should l)e recalled, however, that this is a station that has been in 
operation for a short term only, and a longer series of observations may change 
this result. The monthly mean minimum temperature was most commonly 
lowest in January. 

The following table shows the range of monthly means of maximum and of 
minimum temperatures through the year, and also the range between the 
highest maximum and the lowest minimum: 



Pinar del Rio... 

>lill)UtUl 

Mutunxas 

CienliicKos 

Santa Clara. . . . 

Cainatrdey 

Sanliapo 

I<atalian6 

Afruacale 

Unii'in (|p Re.ves 

Haiiagfiise.s 

Siena Moreiia. . 

ClliiPiite.s 

CamajiianI 

YaKiiiijay 

Sancti-Spirltus. 

Morrtii 

Gnayulial 

Manzanillo 

Gil>ara 

Giiantdnamo. . . 



Range of 
maximum. 



Range of 
minimum. 



Highest 
monilily 

niaNliiiiirn 

minus lowest 

montlily 

minimum. 



29 
22 
31 
27 
33 
29 
24 
38 
38 
26 
26 
29 
20 
35 
32 
22 
32 
34 
32 
27 
32 



These figures, and especially those of the third column, which give the 
differences betweeti the highest temperatures of the warmest month and the 
lowest temperatures of the coolest month, illustrate the slightncss of the 
temperature range in the island. There is no indication here that the range of 
temperature is greater in the interior than on the coast. 

The Iwo tables on the following page show the highest and the lowest 
temperatures recorded during the years of ob.servation. 

I'he lii,L;liest tcmj)crature here recorded was at Guayabal in 1007, when the 
temperature reached 1 K-!°. This place and Batabano, near the south coast, 
recorded the highest temperatures for each year since records for them have 
been made. The ma.\inuim at Hahana, it will be noted, was 94° in the year 
1901, while in 190.^, 1900. and 1907, the temperature did not go above 90°, 
and in 190-1 the inaximiiiii was only S'()°. This city is one of the coolest points 
in Cuba, not only in regard to the maxinuim temperatures, but as to mean 
temjicrature. 

It might be expected that the extremes of heat would be greater in the 



TEMPERATURE. 



49 



interior than on the coast, especially the north coast, to which the trade wind 
comes directly from the sea. This theory is not. however, borne out by the 
records, since equally high temperatures are found on the coast and in the 
interior. 

Absolute Maximum. 

[De^'rees Fahrenlieil.] 



STATION, 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


Pinar del Rio 


95 
91 
94 
93 
96 


96 
94 
90 
94 
96 


95 
91 
101 
95 
97 
95 
93 


■ 91 
93 

nti 

91 
93 
94 


93 
80 
91 
90 
91 
97 
92 


95 
90 
95 
94 
89 

100 
89 

103 
97 
93 
99 

100 
89 
97 
98 

108 
99 
97 


95 
90 
93 
91 
89 

102 
91 

105 
95 

'97' 
97 
89 
98 
95 

lOf. 


98 


Huliana 


90 




93 




92 


M oron 




Caiiiagiiey 




Santiago 


95 


95 


93 


Batalianrt 


106 














97 














95 


San Antonio 












97 


Caniajuanf 














Ciliit'iite.s 












90 


Santa Ulara 




























Gna\ aliail 












113 


Gil)ai'a 














GiiantSnamo 












96 
97 


96 


Man/.anillo 














Catalina de GOines 














97 


















104 


Cavamas 
















95 


Congojas 
















95 


















95 


Sancti-Spiritus 
















95 





















Absolute Minimum. 
[Degrees Fahrenheit.] 



STATION. 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


Pinar del Rio 


51 
53 
47 
46 
50 


47 
60 
42 
47 
45 


46 
61 
45 
45 
45 


50 
65 
57 
45 
46 
44 


'58' 
55 
54 
49 

58 


47 
52 
62 
46 
43 
46 
54 
47 
40 
46 
45 
44 
53 
44 
42 
69 
54 
64 


49 
53 
43 
40 
38 
45 
55 
32 
45 

' ' ' 4\ 
40 
62 
43 
47 
4I> 


65 


Habana 


62 


BanagUi.ses 


46 


Cienlnegos 


50 


Mor(3n 




CaniaeOey 




Paniiatro 


59 


57 


55 


61 


Biilal)an6 






50 


Aguacate 












60 


Matanxas 












48 


San Antonio 












48 


Cainajiiani 














Cil nentes 












55 


Santa ('lara 




























Giiaval)al 












50 
















Giiantflnamo 












50 
54 


52 


Miin/anillo. 














Catalina de GOines 














50 


Sierra Morena 
















46 


favania.s 














46 


Congojas 














45 


Cnices 














59 


Sancti-Spiritiis 














60 



















The lowest temperature on record was (he free/.ini; point, rcaclKvl at Bafa- 
biino in 19()(). The tcinperatiiie has been as low as .S.S° at INIoroii, and as low 
as 40° at several other points. These low tern p(>ra tines are the result of cold 
waves from the United States. At Habaiia, the lowest teinpeiatiire was 50°. 



50 



CLIMATE. 



There were IG stations with lower, but five with higher absohite minimum 
temperatures. 

As with the maximum temperatures, so with the minimum temperatures, 
there appears to be no relation between the location of the stations and the 
temperature. At the interior stations, the minimum temperatures were no 
lower than at those on the coast. 

The following table gives the highest and lowest temperatures on record, 
and the difference between them, or the extreme range of temperature: 



Range between absolute maximum and minimum temperatures. 
[Degrees Fahrenheit.] 



Maximum. 



Minimmn. 



Range. 



Pinar del Rio 

Habana 

BanagQises 

Cienfuegos 

Mor6n 

CamagUey 

Santiago 

Batal)an6 

Aguacate 

Matanzas 

San Antonio 

Camajuanf 

Cifuentes 

Santa Clara 

Yaguaiay 

Guayaoal , 

Glhara , 

Guantanamo , 

Manzanillo 

Catalina de Gtlines 
Sierra Morena .... 

Cayamas 

Congojas 

Cruces 

Sancti-Spiritua 



98 
94 

101 
96 
97 

102 
95 

106 
97 
95 
99 

100 
90 
98 
98 

113 
99 
97 
97 
97 

104 
95 
95 
95 
95 



46 
50 
42 
40 
38 
44 
54 
32 
40 
46 
41 
40 
52 
43 
42 
46 
54 
50 
54 
60 
46 
46 
45 
59 
50 



52 
44 
59 
50 
59 
58 
41 
74 
57 
49 
58 
60 
38 
55 
56 
67 
45 
47 
43 
47 
58 
49 
50 
36 
45 



The differences between the maximum and minimum temperatures ranged 
from 36° to 74°. At Habana, the difference was 44°, a very low range. Out 
of the 25 stations, 20 have larger differences. 

The differences are no greater in the interior of the island than on the coast. 

RAINFALL. 

The table at the top of the following page presents for 21 stations, the 
monthly and annual rainfall, obtained by taking the mean of all the avail- 
able observations. The figures for the 7 stations established in 1899 are the 
only ones that are reliable, since the period of the other stations is too short 
to give the figures much value. Rainfall varies in amount so greatly from 
jear to year that the mean of three years only may be far from the truth. 

The rainfall differs greatly in different parts of Cuba. During the period 
of observation the least, 32.5 inches, was received at Bataban6, and the 
greatest, 69.8 inches, at Cayamas. The period of record for each of these 
stations, however, has been short. The rainfall at Habana was but 40.6 
inches, an amount exceeded by that for 17 out of the 21 stations. 



RAINFALL. 



51 



Rainfall. 
[Inches.] 



STATION. 




>> 

p 
d 

OS 






i 
< 


i 
S 


a 

3 

■-5 


3 

•-> 


3 
bD 
3 
< 


JO 

6 

D. 

Ol 

02 


o 
o 
O 


e 

o 


§ 
Q 


Pinar del Rio 


58.7 
40.6 
51.3 
54.1 
60.8 
64.9 
49.5 
3a.5 
69.5 
60.0 
43.9 
69.8 
59.1 
69.3 
54.6 
61.2 
60.8 
54.5 
53.1 
37.2 
36.9 


2.9 
3.0 
1.8 
0.9 
1.2 
2.0 
1.5 
0.4 
1.8 
0.4 
1.7 
0.4 
0.5 
1.3 
1.7 
2.1 
2.2 
1.9 
0.7 
2.6 
1.0 


2.4 
1.8 
1.6 
1.5 
1.0 
1.5 
1.1 
0.4 
1.2 
1.8 
0.4 
0.8 
1.2 
0.5 
0.4 
0.5 
0.5 
1.3 
0.7 
1.8 
1.0 


3.1 

2.0 
2.8 
2.8 
2.0 
7.4 
2.1 
1.5 
4.7 
3.8 
2.8 
3.1 
2.3 
2.4 
2.1 
3.7 
2.0 
3.6 
2.0 
1.9 
2.6 


2.4 
1.1 
2.1 
2.9 
4.2 
3.1 
3.4 
2.2 
4.0 
4.4 
0.9 
3.9 
3.5 
4.9 
3.4 
3.2 
6.2 
1.1 
2.7 
2.2 
5.3 


8.0 
6.4 
7.6 
5.9 
5.9 
8.4 
6.4 
3.6 
8.2 
5.6 
4.0 
5.7 
5.0 
7.5 
5.9 
5.5 
5.6 
10.0 
5.4 
4.3 
3.4 


7.2 

5.0 

8.5 

9.0 

13.3 

11.8 

6.6 

3.1 

12.3 

11.7 

8.5 

15.8 

17.3 

17.2 

12.9 

14.2 

15.7 

9.6 

9.7 

6.0 

4.9 


6.2 
3.2 
6.0 
6.0 
6.1 
6.3 
2.4 
1.8 
8.5 
5.9 
5.9 
7.5 
6.9 
7.6 
6.1 
5.3 
5.1 
4.7 
4.0 
1.4 
2.1 


7.0 
3.9 
5.2 
5.6 
5.8 
6.3 
3.5 
3.4 
6.5 
10.7 
6.8 
8.0 
6.7 
9.0 
3.6 
4.6 
5.7 
7.9 
8.0 
2.8 
2.5 


10.8 
4.3 
6.0 
8.2 
6.5 
7.3 
7.8 
8.7 
8.3 
5.5 
2.8 
8.7 
6.4 
6.1 
4.6 
4.7 
3.7 
5.1 
8.6 
4.2 
4.9 


5.8 
4.6 
3.7 
6.8 
7.9 
6.0 
9.7 
4.4 
4.1 
3.8 
1.6 
6.9 
2.0 
3.5 
3.3 
4.3 
6.0 
5.1 
6.9 
2.0 
6.9 


1.4 
2.6 
1.5 
2.6 
2.6 
3.4 
4.0 
1.6 
4.1 
2.8 
4.0 
2.9 
3.9 
6.2 
6.8 
8.6 
6.7 
3.7 
3.6 
7.1 
1.9 


1.5 
2.7 


Matanzas 


4.5 


Cienfuegos 


1.9 




4.3 


CamagUey 


1.4 




1.0 


Bataban6 


1.4 


Aguacate 


5.8 




3.6 


Sierra Morena 

Cayamas 


4.5 
6.1 


Cruces 


3.4 


Cifuentes 


3.1 


Camajuanl 


3.8 




4.5 


MorOn 


1.4 




0.5 




0.8 


Gibara 


1.0 


Guantanamo 


0.4 



As a rule, the rainfall is least upon the seacoast, and greatest in the interior. 
For all the stations, the average rainfall on the north coast was 50 inches 
annually; on the south coast, 45 inches; and in the interior, i. e., at stations 
more than five miles from the shore, 60 inches. 

There is little, if any, difference in rainfall between the eastern and western 
parts of the island. 

In the distribution of rainfall through the year, there are well-defined wet 
and dry seasons, the former including the six months from May to October. 
In that half of the year, about 72 per cent of the annual rainfall is received. 

The following table, made from the data for all of the stations, with due 
consideration as to the time of operation, shows the proportion of the annual 
rainfall for each month: 



January. 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 



Per Cent. 



3 

2 

5 

6 

11 

19 



July 

August 

September 
October. . . 
November, 
December. 



Per Cent. 



10 

11 

12 

9 

7 
5 



The following table shows the proportion of the annual rainfall which was 
recorded in each month at each station: 



52 



CLIMATE. 





Per cent of 


onnuaZ rainfall. 












STATION. 


d 


a 




< 




0) 

e 

3 




3 
< 


1 
E 

0) 

a. 

CD 


4) 

o 
o 
O 


u 

E 
« 

o 
z 


i 

a 

u 

a> 

Q 


PInar del Rio 


6 

7 
4 
1 
2 
3 
3 
1 
3 
1 
4 
1 
1 
2 
3 
3 
4 
4 
1 
7 
3 


4 
4 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
5 
3 


5 
6 

5 

6 

3 

12 

4 
5 
7 
6 
6 
4 
4 
3 
4 
6 
3 
7 
4 
5 
7 


4 
3 
4 
6 
7 
6 
7 
7 
6 
7 
2 
6 
6 
7 
6 
5 

10 
2 
5 
6 

14 


14 

16 

15 

11 

10 

13 

13 

11 

12 

9 

9 

8 

8 

11 

11 

9 

9 

18 

10 

12 

9 


12 
12 
16 
17 
22 
18 
13 
9 
17 
20 
19 
23 
29 
25 
23 
23 
26 
18 
18 
16 
13 


11 

8 

12 

11 

10 

10 

5 

6 

12 

10 

14 

11 

12 

11 

11 

9 

8 

9 

8 

4 

6 


12 
10 
10 
10 

9 
10 

7 
10 

9 
18 
15 
11 
11 
13 

7 

8 
10 
14 
15 

8 

7 


18 

11 

12 

15 

11 

11 

16 

27 

12 

9 

7 

12 

11 

9 

8 

8 

6 

9 

16 

11 

13 


10 

11 
7 

13 

13 
9 

20 

13 
6 
6 
4 

10 
3 
5 

7 

10 
9 

13 
6 

19 


2 
6 
3 
6 
4 
6 
8 
5 
6 
5 
9 

13 
14 
11 

19 
6 


3 




7 




9 




4 




7 




2 




2 




6 




8 









lU 









6 




4 


Camajiiant 


7 


Yaguajay 


7 




2 




1 


ManV.aiiillo 


2 




2 


Guant&namo 


1 







WIND DIRECTION. 

The following table shows the prevailing winds at the 7 long-term stations: 



STATION. 


i 

S 


3 


si 

3 

1 


J3 

S 


•c 

< 


S 


0) 

a 

3 




en 

g 

3 


■a 
S 

0) 

o. 

CO 


u 
a> 

O 

s 


E 

> 

1 


u 

.o 


Pinar del Rio 


E 

E 

NE 

NE 

E 

NE 

NE 


N 

E 

E 

NE 

E 

NE 
NE 


NE 
E 
V 

NE 
E 

NE 
NE 


E 
E 

NE 

NE 

E 

NE 
NE 


E 
E 

NE 

NE 

E 

NE 
NE 


E 

E 

E 
NE 

E 
NE 

V 


E 
E 
E 

NE 

E 

NE 

NE 


E 
E 

NE 

NE 

E 

NE 
NE 


E 

E 

NE 
NE 

E 
NE 
NE 


E 
E 

NE 

NE 

E 

NE 
NE 


NE 
ENE 
NE 
NE 

E 
NE 

V 


NE 
ENE 
NE 
NE 
NE 
NE 
N 


E 
E 




NE 




NE 


Santa Clara 


NE 
NE 




N 







The prevailing wind over Cuba is the northeast trade wind. Its uniformity 
is modified by the season and by the time of day; it is broken by barometric 
disturbances; and it is deflected in many localities by local topography. 

In summer, when the sun is high, and Cuba is on or near the equator, the 
direction of the trade wind is very nearly east, while in winter it is more nearly 
northeast. At points on or near the coast, the land and sea breezes deflect it 
very appreciably. Thus, in Habana, in July, the wind at night blows from 
the ESE, and in the day from the NE, changing at about 10 a. m. and 10 p. m. 
The following are the wind directions in that city for each two hours: 




AN AVENUF: of ROYAl, I'AIMS, MA lANZAS. 




CLIMBING THE ROYAL PALM. 



ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 



53 



TIME. 


Direction. 


TIME. 


Direction. 


2 a. m 


ESE 
ESE 

ESE 
ESE 

ENE 
NE 


2 p. m 


NE 


4 


4 


ENE 


6 


6 


ENE 


8 


8 


E 


10 


10 


E 


12 m 


12 night 


ESE 









ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 



The following table gives, for 6 stations, the annual and monthly mean 
atmospheric pressures, corrected for temperature and reduced to sea level: 



MONTH. 


Pinar 
del Rfo. 


Habana. 


Matan- 
zas. 


Cien- 
fuegos. 


Cama- 
gUey. 


Santiago. 


Year 


30.02 


29.99 


30.02 


29 97 


29.98 


29.06 






January 


30.14 
30 03 
30 . 08 
30.01 
29 94 

29 94 

30 03 
30 06 
29 99 

29 98 

30 03 
30.02 


30.08 
30.04 
30 02 
29.98 
29 93 

29 93 

30 03 
30 00 
29 95 
29 92 
29 97 
30.03 


30 17 
30 05 
30 07 
30 00 
29 98 

29 92 

30 05 
30 04 
29 94 

29 95 

30 00 
30.04 


30.05 
30.00 
30 01 
29 97 
29 93 
29 92 
29.98 
29 97 
29 92 
29 90 
29 99 
30.02 


30.04 
30 02 
30 03 
29 99 

29 95 
29.95 

30 00 
29 98 
29 92 
29 89 
29.98 
30.02 


30.03 


February 


30 00 


Marf'h 


30 00 


April 


29 96 


May 


29 93 


June 


29 94 


Julv 


29 96 


August 


29 97 


September 


29 91 




29 90 


November 


29 94 


December 


29.97 







The annual average pressures at different stations range closely about 30 
inches, and the average of the 6 stations is 29.99. At all stations, the pressure 
is greater in the cool than in the warm season. The average pressures for the 
six months from November to April, and those for the remaining six months 
are as follows for 6 of the original stations: 



STATION. 


November to 
April. 


May to 
October. 


Difference. 


Pinar del Rio 


30.05 
30 02 
30 06 
30 01 
30 01 
29.98 


29.99 
29 96 
29 . 98 
29 94 
29.95 
29.93 


0.06 




0.06 




0.08 


CienlucKOS 


07 




0.06 


Santiago 


0.05 







The differences in pressure at the two seasons of the year range, at different 
stations, from 5 to 8 hundredths of an inch. It will be recalled that the months 
of comparatively low pressure are those which constitute the rainy season. 
It will also be noted that the slight increase in pressure in July and August 
accompanies a slight diminution in the rainfall. 



54 



CLIMATE. 



SUNSHINE. 



The following table shows the number of clear days in 1907, and in each 
month of that year at each of the 14 stations for which the record was com- 
plete: 

Number of clear days. 



PInar del Rio. 

Habana 

Bataban6 . . . . 

Aguacate 

Matanzas 

BanagOises. . . 
Sierra Morena 

ConROjas 

Clenfuegos. . . 

Cruces 

Clfuentes 

Guayabal. . . . 

Santiago 

Gu&nt&namo . 



153 
101 
218 
252 
200 
246 
264 
193 
259 
207 
274 
68 
160 
268 



23 
31 

26 
29 
26 
30 
22 
28 
31 
30 
31 

28 
29 



7 

6 

16 

18 

14 

9 

19 

7 

22 

10 

26 



8 

20 



8 
9 

17 
24 

9 
25 
25 
18 
11 
19 
31 


11 

6 



14 
6 
22 
19 
19 
25 
29 
22 
19 
22 
27 
6 
15 
26 



10 
7 
28 
24 
15 
21 
27 
12 
15 
18 
17 
1 
11 
28 



The different stations present a wide range in the number of clear days, 
the variation being from 68 in Guayabal to 274 in Cifuentes. The location 
of the stations, whether on the north or the south coast or in the interior, does 
not seem to affect the amount of sunlight. 



PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES. 



The Republic of Cuba is divided into 6 provinces, which from west to east 
are as follows: Pinar del Rio, Habana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Camaguey, 
and Oriente. 

These provinces are subdivided into 82 municipalities, in the following 
proportion: Pinar del Rio, 12; Habana, 18; Matanzas, 10; Santa Clara, 21; 
Camaguey, 5; Oriente, 16. 

The municipalities are in turn divided into barrios or wards, which cor- 
respond, somewhat, in extent and organization, to our election districts, 
their object being to aid municipal control by means of delegates known as 
alcaldes de barrio, an office equivalent to the justice of the peace in the 
United States. The number of these in the entire island is nearly 1,100. Both 
municipalities and barrios differ widely in area and population. The five 
municipalities of Camagiiey are large in area, while several in Habana and 
one or two in Oriente are in area little more than cities. In population, on 
the other hand, the municipalities range from Habana, with about 300,000 
people, down to municipalities containing little more than 3,000 inhabitants. 
In Cuba the sections of the island are popularly known as Vuelta Ahajo, or 
the portion from the meridian of Habana to Cape San Antonio; the Vuelta 
Arriba, from the meridian of Habana to that of Cienfuegos; Las Cinca 
Villas, from the meridian of Cienfuegos to that of Sancti-Spiritus; and 
Sierra Adentro, from the latter to Cape Maisi. 

The following table gives the area of each of the 6 provinces and also the 
population of each as shown at the different censuses: 





Area, 

square 
miles. 


POPULATION. 


PROVINCE. 


1861 » 


1887 


1899 


1907 


Total 


44,164 


1,396,530 


1.631,687 


1.572,797 


2,048,980 


Pinar del Rio 


5,206 
3,170 
3,256 
8,257 
10,064 
14,211 


146,685 
393,789 
234,524 
271,310 
85,702 
264,520 


225,891 
451,928 
259,578 
354,122 
67,789 
272,379 


170,354 
427,514 
202.444 
356.536 
88,234 
327,715 


240,372 




538,010 




239,812 




457,431 




118,269 




455,086 







• Population of provinces estimated. 



PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL Rfo. 

The province of Pinar del Rio is situated at the western extremity of the 
island, and is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the 

(55) 



56 PROVINCES AND THE ISI.E OF PINES. 

province of Habana, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by 
the Yucatan Channel. 

Pinar del Rfo is divided into 5 judicial districts: Pinar del Rfo, San 
Cri.st6l)al, Guanajay, Guane, and Consolaci6n del Sur. 

The lands of this province differ greatly in their formation; the Quater- 
naries are found forming two bands or zones, one to the north and the other to 
the south, excepting the piece of land pertaining to Cabo Corrientes. The 
southern band is a great deal wider than the northern. These lands are 
limited by the coasts and, generally speaking, are low and marshy; they are 
used chiefly for raising cattle and swine, for the manufacture of charcoal, and 
for the gathering of leaves and bark of the red mangrove. 

The lands of the Tertiary formation also are found in two strips parallel to 
the above mentioned. They are especially suited to the culture of tobacco, 
because of their arenaceous, argillocalcareous, humiferous composition, 
especially in the southern part of the province (munici()alities of Guane, San 
Juan y Martinez, San Luis, Consolaci6n del Sur), where the Vuelta Abajo 
vegas of world wide fame are located. 

All of the central highlands of the province belong to lands of the Secondary 
period. On the summit of these mountains small spaces of igneous soil, 
mostly composed of serpentine rocks, are found. These lands are generally 
of bad quality. Some cofTee grows on them, but their principal products are 
feed for cattle, timber for construction, and wood for making charcoal. This 
portion of land is the most mountainous of the province. 

To the southwest of the Cordillera de los Organos (Organos Ridge) exists a 
zone pertaining to the Primitive formation, covered by woods almost in its 
total area. 

The principal products of the province of Pinar del Rfo are tobacco (the 
most renowned in the world), sugar cane, coffee, timber, fruits, charcoal, and 
cattle. 

Pinar del Rfo, a city with 10,634 inhabitants, is the capital of the province. 
This city, situated in a fertile valley near the river Guama,is in the heart of the 
famous tobacco growing district of Vuelta Abajo. 

The city itself is an antiquated one, although many changes and improve- 
ments have been introduced lately. It has several good, solid buildings, such 
as the civil governor's residence, the jail, the institute, and the old Spanish 
cuartel or armory. It has also a good hospital, cemetery, etc. 

An excellent macadamized road connects the city with the port of La 
Coloma, on the south coast of the island. 

Other important cities and towns in this province are Guanajay, San Luis, 
Vinales, San Juan y Martinez, San Diego, Los Palacios, Cabanas, Bahfa 
Honda, Mariel, Consolaci6n del Sur, Remates de Guane, and San Cristobal. 
The quarantine station of the Republic is located at Mariel and one of the 
naval stations ceded by the Cuban Republic to the United States has been 



PROVINCE OF HABANA. 57 



established at Bahfa Honda. San Diego de los Banos is famous for its sulphur 
springs, of unequaled excellence. 

PROVINCE OF HABANA. 

The province of Habana, the smallest in area, is the most populous section 
of the Republic. 

It is bounded on the north by the Florida straits, on the east by the province 
of Matanzas, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, on the west by the province of 
Pinar del Rio. 

It is divided into the following judicial districts: Habana, Guanabacoa, 
INIarianao, Jaruco, San Antonio de los Baiios, Bejucal, Guines, and Nueva 
Gerona. 

Land of the Quaternary period is found in all of the south coast and in a 
small portion of the north coast, east of Habana. 

The lands of the Tertiary formation are located in the southern and western 
portions of the province, adjoining the zones of the Quaternary formation, 
although the strips are rather narrow. In the municipalities of Alquizar and 
Giiira de Helena, situated in the southwest section of the province, tobacco 
of very good quality, called "Tabaco de Partido," is cultivated, and also 
coffee, bananas, sugar cane, and oranges. 

The dark soil (black earth) of the municipalities of Guines, Melena del Sur, 
Nueva Paz and San Nicolas, on the south coast, to the east, produces sugar 
cane, and, in Guines, also potatoes and many other excellent vegetables, the 
quantities produced being sufficient to supply the Habana markets and to 
furnish a portion for export to the United States. 

The arenose-argillo-calcareous lands of the municipality of Bauta, to the 
west of Habana, are adapted to the cultivation of white and violet pineapples, 
which are being shipped in large quantities to New York and other American 
markets. 

The lands of the Secondary period form a strip beginning to the south of the 
city of Habana and running cast to the limits of Matanzas. In this zone are 
located parts of the municipalities of Madruga, Tapaste, Santa JNlarfa del 
Rosario, Casiguas, and others. 

A small portion of igneous soil can be found in the municipality of Guana- 
bacoa, to the east of Habana. 

Among the principal productions of the province are sugar cane, alcohol, 
tobacco, pineapples, "yucca," starch, coffee, bananas, corn, and fruits and 
vegetables of every kind. 

The capital of the province, and of the Republic, is Habana, a city with a 
population of nearly 300,000 inhabitants. It is situated on the west side of the 
beautiful bay of Habana, known to Columbus and his companions as the 
"Puerto de Carenas," because of the fact that the great admiral found in its 
bosom safe shelter to carry on the difficult task of overhauling his damaged 



58 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES. 

ships, "carena" being a Spanish word meaning "overhaul." The mouth of 
the harbor is rather narrow, but the harbor itself is wide and deep, and a 
thousand ships can safely anchor there at one time. 

Ilabana occupies a very strategic position at the mouth of the Gulf of 
Mexico, a fact which has served to give it the name of the "Key of the Gulf." 
The harbor is strongly fortified, the entrance being guarded on one side by the 
Morro and the frowning heights of La Cabana Fortress, and on the other by 
La Punta and other smaller coast batteries, and these in turn being supported 
by the batteries of Castillo del Principe, Castillo de Atares, etc., and by the 
sand batteries extending upon the coast on both sides of the harbor. 

The water supply of Habana is one of the most abundant and at the same 
time purest and healthiest in the world, the water being obtained from the 
springs in Vento, tanked in reservoirs at a place called "Palatino," near Ha- 
bana, and carried to the city by means of an aqueduct. 

The city has beautiful drives, among which are the famous Malec6n 
(embankment), which runs parallel to the sea; the Paseo de Marti, running 
from the Malec6n to the Parque Central; the Avenida de las Palmas; and 
the Avenida de la Independencia. Its parks also are very beautiful, especially 
the Central park and the Parque de Colon. 

The city has a number of associations for purposes of instruction and 
recreation, several clubs, an academy of sciences, a university, a high school, 
charity institutions, asylums, civil, military, and private hospitals, several 
theaters (the principal one, named Teatro Nacional, being widely celebrated), 
large markets, a system of magnificent waterworks, an extensive and beautiful 
cemetery, sea baths, churches, convents, and good hotels, which are being 
improved yearly. 

It is a favorite winter resort for Americans, who find in the Cuban capital 
the combined pleasures of seashore and city life. 

Since Habana is the capital of the Republic, it is the residence of the 
President of the Republic, the seat of the Congress of the Republic, the seat 
of the general government, supreme court, superior court of Habana (audien- 
cia), general direction of finance, naval station, arsenal, observatory, diocese 
of the bishopric, and the residence of all the administrative heads of the island 
(civil, military, maritime, judicial, and economical). 

There are numerous cigar and cigarette factories, tanneries, and manu- 
factories of sweetmeats, rum, candles, gas, beer, carriages, soap, perfumery, 
glycerin, etc. 

Habana is the most important commercial center of the island. 

Its principal exports to the United States consist of tobacco, fruit, wax and 
honey, sugar, and molasses. 

THE ISLE OF PINES.* 

The Isle of Pines, located about fifty miles south of the narrow^est part of 
Cuba, is a municipality of the province of Habana. It is surrounded by the 

•The data liave been derived, principally, from the manuscript of an article written 
by Miss I. A. Wright, special agent of the Cuban Department of Agriculture, and 
kindly loaned to the Cuban Census Bureau, in advance of its official publication. 



THE ISLE OF PINES. 59 

shallow waters of the Caribbean Sea. Its area is approximately 1,200 square 
miles. 

The island is divided by a broad swamp, about fourteen miles long and • 
from one to three miles wide, into two parts, making, in effect, two islands. 
About one-third of the area lies south of this swamp and is a low, flat wilder- 
ness, uninhabited except by a few families along the south coast, who subsist 
mainly by wood cutting, charcoal burning, etc. In the interior of the southern 
section, a large part of which is owned by Americans, mahogany, cedar, and 
other valuable woods are abundant, but the lack of roads renders impracti- 
cable any extensive business in utilizing the timber. 

The northern half of the Isle of Pines consists essentially of a plain, which 
is level for the most part, although it is occasionally broken by low hills. 
The shore of the northern section is beach sand and mangrove swamps, 
varying from a few feet to five miles in width, and from sea level to an elevation 
of from twelve to fifteen feet. This fringe of the northern part is broken by 
two headlands, Punta de Colombo and Punta de la Bibijagua, which project 
into the sea. 

There are a few broad shallow streams with gentle slopes, whose sharp 
cut channels fill during the rainy periods. During the dry seasons, some of the 
smaller streams go dry. 

Two elevations rise to a height of nearly 1,000 feet, the Casas mountain 
west of the town of Nueva Gerona, and Caballos, to the east. These moun- 
tains are composed of marble, which is sometimes coarse and sometimes 
fine grained and ranges in color from pure white to dark gray. Marble is the 
most important mineral resource of the island. 

In a few places there are indications of iron ore deposits, masses of brown 
hematite being found scattered over the surface, but no veins of workable size 
have been discovered. A few small deposits of manganese have been found. 

"The flora of the island combines many of the variations of Florida with 
the large hard wood trees of Central America and Mexico, and, singularly, 
the pine, characteristic of the temperate zone, which grows over the greater 
part of the island. * * * The tall pines furnish, for exportation, railway 
ties, telegraph poles, poles for the roofs of native Cuban huts. * * * 
One of the principal sources of wealth is lumber. * * *" 

"In the forests are found extensive groves of the Creoduz regie (royal palm) 
and 26 other varieties of the same numerous family; the mahogany, lignum- 
vitae, coco wood, from which reed instruments are made; cedrela odorata, 
used in the manufacture of cigar boxes and the lining of cabinet woods and 
producing an aromatic oil distilled from its wood; and fistic, or logwood, a 
dye stuff. * * *"^ 

There are many native fruit trees along the streams, such as mangoes, 
caimitos, aguacates, zapotes, and wild oranges. Wild bamboo fringes the 
water cotirses, while, in damp places, aeroid plants drape the trees. Flowering 
shrubs and plants grow luxuriantly. 

There are no large animals indigenous to the island, the largest being the 

'Senate Document 311, 59th Congress, Ist Session. 



60 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES. 

hutfa, an enormous rat, nearly as large as a rabbit. This animal can be 
domesticated, and is regarded as edible by some of the natives. 

Native bats are abundant, and there is a kind of vampire peculiar to the isle. 

More than 200 varieties of birds are found in the island; of these about 115 
are resident while the others migrate between North and South America, 
making the Isle of Pines a stopping place in passage. The more common birds 
are parrots, thrushes, cuckoos, owls, and humming birds. 

There are very few reptiles, and none of a poisonous kind. The largest is 
the maja, a species of constrictor, whose most serious fault is his fondness for 
domestic poultry. A few lizards are found, also tree frogs. There are spiders 
and scorpions, but their bites are not dangerous. 

Ants are numerous and very annoying, as are also the sand flies (jejenas), 
fleas, and mosquitoes; aside from these, the island is singularly free from 
noxious animals or insects. 

There are two principal towms on the island, Santa F^ and Nueva Gerona. 
The former is the older, but the latter is the larger and more important, 
being the capital of the municipality. The villages of Columbia and Los 
Indios are attractive settlements. 

The island has been brought into prominence recently through the efforts 
of landowners to sell the subdivisions of their holdings to American pur- 
chasers, as wtU as through the actively pushed claims of American residents 
that the territory embraced by its boundaries is not subject to the jurisdiction 
of the Republic of Cuba, but belongs to the United States. These claims 
have received no recognition; on the contrary, Secretary Root pointed out 
that the island has always been an integral part of Cuba, and that any change 
in its status can only come as a result of some agreement, hereafter, between 
Cuba and the United States. 

The Americans began to exploit the island immediately after the signing 
of the Treaty of Paris and the ending of the Spanish-American War, in 1898. 
Since then the isle has become practically Americanized, although the natives 
constitute the majority of the population. American money is the only 
currency used; American architecture prevails outside the towns; there are 
American preachers and school teachers; and American wagons and carriages 
are constantly used instead of the clumsy ox carts of former days. The roads, 
which compare favorably with the best American highways, have been 
greatly improved during the present provisional government, and the work 
of road making is still going on, nearly $200,000 having been appropriated 
for this purpose. 

The principal industry in which American settlers have engaged is the 
production of citrus fruits — oranges, lemons, and grape fruit— though pine- 
apples have been grown successfully, on a comparatively small scale. Ex- 
perience has shown that, in the cultivation of citrus fruit in the Isle of Pines, 
all lands must be highly strengthened with fertilizers, and, in most localities, 
provision should be made for irrigation which is necessary during occasional 
years of drought. 




MATANZAN INbllTUTE. 



PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. 



61 



Prior to the last war with Spain, the Isle of Pines was regarded as a health 
resort, and was, for many years, visited by large numbers of invalids who 
found relief from their ailments, not only in its salubrious climate but also in 
the healing waters of the medicinal springs in the vicinity of Santa F6. These 
springs, though located in close proximity to each other, have various con- 
stituents and qualities. Their pronounced efficacy has been fully demon- 
strated and recognized and it is highly probable that, within the near future, 
they will cause the island to become once more a Mecca for health seekers. 

At the Census of September 30, 1907, the population was as follows: 





Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total population 


3,276 


1,835 


1.441 




2.188 

1751 

136 

198 

3 


1,137 
513 

82 

100 

3 


1,051 




238 




54 




98 


Yellow (Chinese) 









I Of these, 438 were Americans. 



PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. 

The p^o^^nce of Matanzas is bounded on the north by the Florida straits, 
on the south and east by the province of Santa Clara, and on the west by the 
province of Habana. 

It is divided into 5 judicial districts: Matanzas, Cardenas, Colon, San Jos6 
de los Ramos, and Alacranes. 

The Quaternary formations are found in the shape of narrow strips, running 
along the north coast from the bay of Matanzas to the limits of Santa Clara 
province. 

The lands of the Tertiary formation are situated on the west side of Matan- 
zas, running to the limits of Habana p^o^^nce, and in the central and southern 
part of the province to the Zapata swamps and limits of Santa Clara. 

The red soil of the municipalities of Jovellanos, Giiira de Macuriges, 
Cervantes (formerly Perico), Bolondron, and La Uni6n are considered the 
very best kind for the cultivation of sugar cane, coffee, oranges, bananas, 
sweet potatoes, "name," "yucca," corn, etc. The soil of the municipalities 
of Alacranes, Jagiiey Grande, Guanajayabo, and Guamacaro is of argil lo- 
arenose-calcareous humiferous composition, of dark or brown color, in some 
instances rather humid. It is good for the cultivation of sugar cane. 

The lands of the Secondary formations are situated in the central highlands 
of this region, forming a zone beginning to the west of the village of Colon 
and running nearly to the municipality of Uni6n de Reyes. 

The parts of this province belonging to the municipalities of Cimarrones 
and San Jos6 de los Ramos are extensively flooded during heavy rainy seasons 
on account of the swelling of the rivers that flow through or near these districts. 

The principal products of the province are sugar cane, alcohol, and timber. 



62 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES. 

Matanzas city, the capital of the province and a city with nearly 40,000 
inhabitants, is located about CO miles directly east of Habana. This city is 
noted for the beauty of its surroundings, one of the most enchanting views 
being the celebrated valley of the Yumurl. Another great attraction is the 
Caves of Bellamar. The city has a pretty plaza and good buildings, the most 
notable being the Esteban Theater and the City Hall. 

The commercial activity of Matanzas is great. The principal industries 
arc rum distilling, sugar refining, and the manufacture of guava jelly. There 
are railroad, car, and machine shops. Sugar and molasses are sent to the 
United States, the value of the exports of such products from 1891 to 1895 
amoimting to $59,9SS,497. 

The climate is good and Matanzas is considered the healthiest city on the 
island. 

Cardenas, with about 25,000 inhabitants, is also an important commercial 
center. Sugar is the chief article of export. About half of the imports are 
from the United States. 

Colon has of late years made great efforts in the direction of educational 
advancement. It is in the heart of the sugar-producing region. 

PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. 

The province of Santa Clara is bounded on the north by the channel of 
Bahama, on the east by the province of Camagiiey, on the south by the Carib- 
bean Sea, and on the west by the Gulf of Matamano and the province of 
Matanzas. 

It is divided into 6 judicial districts: Santa Clara, Sagua la Grande, Reme- 
dies, Cienfuegos, Trinidad, and Sancti-Spiritus. 

The lands of the Quaternary formation extend from the limits of Matanzas 
province to the north of Sagua la Chica river on the north coast, and to 
Cienfuegos on the south coast. 

The lands of the Tertiary formation are found in the northern part of the 
province, from Sagua la Chica river to the eastern limit of the province, 
forming a wide zone, extending westward to the province of Matanzas. 
In this zone are located, in part, the municipalities of Yaguajay, San Juan 
de los Remedios, Taguayabon, San Antonio de los Vueltas, Camajuani, and 
Sagua la Grande. On the south coast Tertiary lands form a narrow strip, 
beginning at the port of Cienfuegos and ending in the province of Camagiiey. 
This zone becomes wider in the central region of the pro\ance, occupying a 
considerable extent of land. The municipalities of Trinidad and Sancti- 
Spiritus are situated in this zone. Soil of the same formation, occupied by the 
municipalities of Cartagena and Santa Isabel de las Lajas, can be found in 
the western portion of the province. 

The lands of the Secondary period form two irregular bands joining in the 
west. Lands of this formation, although occupying a small area, can be 
found to the north of Cienfuegos port, in the municipality of San Fernando. 



PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY. 63 

The lands of the Primitive formation are found on the east side of the 
Arimao river, extending to the north slope of the Siguanea. The renowned 
Manicaragua vegas are located on this formation. 

The principal products of the province are sugar cane, tobacco, coffee, 
cocoa, corn, bananas, honey, wax, timber, alcohol, cattle, charcoal, and bark 
and leaves for tanning. 

Cienfuegos, with a population of 30,100 in 1907, is a city of great commercial 
activity. It is located on a peninsula in the bay of Yagua, 6 miles from the 
sea, and has a fine harbor. 

The city has a beautiful plaza and its streets are wide and straight; its 
buildings are large and substantial and it is surrounded by a great number 
■of the finest sugar plantations on the island. 

The commercial importance of the place was recognized more than forty 
years ago, and has increased with the development of the sugar industry. 
This port is now the center of the sugar trade for the south of the island. 

Sugar and tobacco are exported to the United States, and soap and ice are 
manufactured. 

Santa Clara, with 16,702 inhabitants, is the capital of the province. This 
city is situated in the center of the island. 

Sagua la Grande, Caibari^n, San Juan de los Remedios, Trinidad, Sancti- 
Spiritus, Cruces, Caraajuanf, Placetas, and Tunas de Zaza are important 
cities. 

PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY. 

The province of Camagiiey is bounded on the north by the channel of 
Bahama, on the east by the province of Oriente, on the south by the Caribbean 
Sea, and on the west by the province of Santa Clara. It has two judicial 
districts, Camagiiey and Mor6n. 

Lands of Quaternary period extend in a narrow strip in the northern part 
of the province and also on the south coast from the port of Santa Cruz del 
Sur to Santiago de Cuba. Lands of this kind can be found also at the mouth 
of the Santa Clara river. 

Lands of the Tertiary formation form tw^o parallel zones, one in the north 
and the other in the south portion of the province. The municipalities of 
Mor6n, Nuevitas, Ciego de Avila, and Santa Cruz del Sur arc located in 
these zones. 

The principal products of the province are cattle, sugar cane, wax, honey, 
timber, and hemp. 

Camagiiey has 29,616 inhabitants, and is the capital of the province. The 
city is located in the heart of one of the wildest parts of the island, 528^ 
miles from Habana, 47 miles from the port of Nucvitas on the north, and 50 
miles from Santa Cruz del Sur on the south coast. It is the seat of a court of 
appeal. 

The manufacture of cigars is extensive; sugar, tobacco, wax, and honey 
are important articles of export. 



64 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES. 

Along the north coast are three large isles known as Cayo Coco, Cayo 
Romano, and Guanaja, which are almost barren, though possessing rich soil. 
They are inhabited by fishermen. The abundance of sea birds along the 
coast is extraordinary. 

"La Gloria," the American colony developed after peace was restored, 
belongs to Camaguey province. 

Some of the cities are Nuevitas, Mor6n, Ciego de Avila, and Santa Cruz 
del Siir. The first and last are situated by the sea. Cedar, mahogany, honey, 
and wax are shipped to the United States annually to the value of $300,000 
to $400,000. 

PROVINCE OF ORIENTE. 

The pro\nnce of Oriente is bounded on the north by the Atlantic ocean; 
on the east by the Atlantic ocean and Windward Passage, which separates 
it from the island of Haiti; on the south by the Straits of Colon, which separate 
it from Jamaica; on the west by the Gulf of Guaycanaybo and the province 
of Camaguey. 

It has six judicial districts: Santiago de Cuba, Manzanillo, Bayamo, Hol- 
gufn, Baracoa, and Guantdnamo. 

The lands of the Quaternary formation are found in the northern part of 
the province, and also in the southern part, where they extend from Cape 
Cruz in a westerly direction to the limits of the province of Camaguey and 
again from Puerto Escondido to Cape Maisi. 

Lands of the Tertiary period exist all along the south coast except for the 
portions which have been mentioned as belonging to the Quarternary forma- 
tion. The towns of Piedras, Jiguanf, Barajagua, and Mayarf are situated 
on this kind of soil, as are also San Pedro, San Marcos, and the municipality 
of Gibara. 

Lands of the Secondary formation occupy the southern part of the province, 
from Cape Cruz to Guantanamo, and thence extend to the northeast as far 
as the mountains of Toa. This is the richest mineral region in the province. 

Lands of the Primitive formation are of limited extent, located northeast 
of the port of Manati. 

Igneous soil forms a wide zone embracing the municipalities of Bayamo, 
Holguin, and Victoria de las Tunas; all of the northern slope of the Sierra 
Maestra is also of the same kind of soil. 

The principal products of the pro\nnce are minerals, coffee, sugar cane, 
tobacco, cocoa, wax, honey, coconuts, bananas, and timber. 

This province contains the principal mountain ranges of Cuba. Com- 
mencing at Cape Maisi the land rises in a series of irregular terraces of lime- 
stone rock until an elevation of about 1,500 feet is reached, then gradually 
slopes upward, and forms a series of irregular mountains which extend from 
the north to the south coast. These mountains rise to an elevation of about 
4,000 feet, are extremely precipitous and irregular, and are covered with 



PROVINCE OF ORIENTE. 65 

vegetation almost to the summits. Seventy miles from Cape Maisi, on the 
south coast, the country flattens out and the mountains recede from the ocean, 
leaving a large and comparatively level plain, indented by a deep, irregular 
harbor, furnishing excellent anchorage for any amount of shipping. This 
plain is known as the Guantanamo valley, and the harbor is the harbor of 
Guant^namo. The Guantanamo river is a stream of considerable size and 
navigable for light-draft boats for about 6 miles. The valley of Guantanamo 
is extremely fertile, and contains some of the largest and best sugar plantations 
in Cuba. Between Guantanamo and Cape Maisi, on the south coast, there 
are no settlements. 

West of Guantclnamo, the coast is extremely rough and mountainous. The 
mountains here reach an altitude of 5,500 feet and extend down to the sea. 
At a point about 25 miles Avest of Guantanamo the mountains commence to 
bend back from the seacoast, leaving near the sea one or two ranges of com- 
paratively low foothills. Near Santiago the mountains recede farther and 
farther from the coast, leaving another large, irregular valley covered with 
rolling hills, in which are situated the city of Santiago, and the villages of 
Caney, Cubitas, Dos Bocas, Boniato, and Cobre. 

Santiago is a city of about 46,000 inhabitants. It is situated on a limestone 
hill, at the northeast extremity of the harbor. The harbor is about 4h miles 
long, and varies from a few hundred yards to a mile and a half in width. It is 
completely landlocked and furnishes an absolutely safe harbor. 

The mountains form an almost continuous rim around Santiago. On the 
east the Sierra Maestra range rises to an altitude of 5,500 feet; then gradually 
slopes down to an almost even ridge of grass covered hills or small mountains, 
varying in height from 1,000 to 1,800 feet, and rises again on the west to a 
height of nearly 6,000 feet. A great central plateau sweeps around the coast 
range of mountains connecting with the head of the Guantanamo valley, 
gradually losing itself in the foothills of the mountains, which cover the whole 
breadth of the eastern portion of the island. To the northward it runs for 
nearly a hundred miles in an almost unbroken succession of Avonderfully rich 
tracts of agricultural land, with here and there a high range of hills. It is well 
watered by numerous streams, and presents almost limitless possibilities in 
the way of cultivation and development. Throughout the center of this great 
plateau are still found large forests of mahogany and cedar, as well as other 
valuable woods. 

To the westward this valley swings around the coast range of mountains 
and joins the great valley extending from Bayamo to Manzanillo, and to the 
north and west it connects with the level rolling country of Camagiiey. 

West of Santiago, the mountains rise to the height of over 7,000 feet and 
extend down to the water's edge. In fact, from Maisi to Cape Cruz the 
mountains at most points rise from the sea, and anchorages are few and widely 
separated. Between Santiago and Cape Cruz, a distance of about 118 miles, 
there are numerous small harbors, none of them practicable for large ships. 



PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES. 



At Cape Cruz the coast bends sharply to the northward and the mountains 
fall back from the sea. This is the commencement of the great valley or plain 
of Munzanillo, which extends from the mountains on the east to the Cauto 
river on the west and north, and runs inland, becoming merged in the great 
central plateau of the island. Manzanillo is situated at the head of the Bayor 
Gulf of Manzanillo on the border of this extremely fertile plain, in which are 
some of the finest sugar plantations in Cuba. On the west, and sweeping 
^completely around the head of this valley, is the Cauto river, the largest of all 
the Cuban rivers, and navigable for light-draft vessels for GO miles from its 
mouth. At the head of the valley where it joins the table-land is situated the 
picturesque old town of Bayamo. It was destroyed during the Ten Years' 
War to prevent its capture by the Spaniards. Twenty miles beyond is the 
old town of Jiguani. Years ago about these towns were almost countless 
herds of cattle and horses, but these entirely disappeared during the Ten 
Years' War; since the establishment of the Republic, however, they are again 
becoming important. From Bayamo to the north coast a beautiful rolling 
country is broken by great forests of timber. To the west from Baracoa, the 
coast is lofty and mountainous. 

Baracoa is the oldest settlement in Cuba. Its harbor is small and compara- 
tively shallow. The country is rough and mountainous, and extremely 
picturesque and beautiful. The principal industry is the cultivation of coco- 
nuts and bananas ; tobacco is grown, although only to a limited extent. The 
natives of Baracoa are very skillful in manufacturing articles from tortoise 
shell. 

The first harbor of importance west of Baracoa is the Bay of Nipe. This is 
:probab!y one of the finest harbors in the world. The entrance is narrow but 
deep. The harbor itself, which is completely sheltered from the ocean by a 
high range of hills, seems almost like an inland sea. It is about 15 miles long 
and 8 or 9 miles wide. Flowing into it are two comparatively large streams. 
The larger one, known as the Mayarf river, is navigable for boats and scows 
for about 15 miles, up to the town of Mayari. About Mayarl are some of the 
best tobacco lands in Cuba; also large forests of hard wood. The country is 
wonderfully fertile. Almost any kind of fruit can be grown here in the greatest 
abundance. Commencing at the Bay of Nipe the mountains recede from the 
ocean and gradually merge into the central plain. The country about Nipe 
and farther on to the border of Camagiiey is low and rolling, and in former 
times was the seat of great tobacco and sugar plantations, as well as the 
cultivation of bananas. 

The next port westward of Nipe is Banes — another excellent harbor, much 
like Ni{)e, but smaller and difficult to enter on account of strong currents. 
The entrance is deep, narrow, and bordered by high cliffs, and is known as 
the "Canyon of Banes." This entrance is about 3 miles long, and suddenly 
merges into the beautiful harbor. The vicinity of Banes is one of the greatest 
banana producing districts in Cuba. About 6 miles from the port is the little 



PROVINCE OF ORIENTS. G7 



town of Banes. This town, like most others in this section of Cuba, was 
almost (entirely destroyed during the war, but it has been rebuilt. 

Still farther to the westward is the old town of Gibara, with a harbor of fair 
size. The town is a quaint and picturesque old Spanish town, entirely inclosed 
by a wall, aloncj which are scattered masonry blockhouses. This town has 
been for years the port of entry for all the northern portion of the province of 
Oriente. 

Twenty miles in the interior is situated the old town of Holguln. ^^'llile 
Gibara has always been a commercial town, Holguin has been dependent on 
the industries of an agricultural and grazing country for its resources. The 
town is situated in a rolling, barren country, similar to certain sections in New 
Mexico. In former times small amounts of gold were washed in the streams 
near Holgufn, and now and then reports are circulated relating to the redis- 
coveries of old placer mines. 

Westward from Gibara is Puerto Padre, a small and comparatively pros- 
perous village at the head of a magnificent harbor. The country back of 
Puerto Padre is low and rolling. 

About 40 miles inland is the old town of Victoria de las Tunas. This town 
was practically destroyed during the recent war. The country all through 
this section is low and rolling and suitable for either grazing or agriculture. 

The general character of the soil in the extreme eastern end of the province 
is rocky and barren, except in the narrower valleys between the mountains, 
where it is extremely rich but very limited in extent. Farther westward are 
the rich plains of Guantanamo, Manzanillo, Bayamo, etc., with a rich adobe 
soil of great depth and of almost inexhaustible richness. Through the interior 
of the island this same characteristic obtains, only now and then clay or loam 
crops out. Generally speaking, the comparatively level tracts of land are 
highly fertile. As to the products of the soil, almost all vegetables grow rapidly 
and quickly, but lose flavor unless fresh seeds are brought in every two or three 
years. The tropical fruits, especially bananas, coconuts, and figs, grow in the 
greatest abundance; no attention, however, is paid to the cultivation of figs. 
Among the fruits that grow wild are the lime, lemon, nispero, anoncillo, sapote, 
mamey, plantain, guanabana, caimito, anon, pineapple, orange, and mango. 
Ordinary "garden truck" grows with great rapidity and is of good quality. 

Excellent tobacco is also grown all about the Bay of Nipe and along the 
Mayari river. The tobacco is rated second only to the best Pinar del Rio 
tobacco. Sugar, of course, had been for many years the principal product of 
the soil. The larger sugar estates are at Guantanamo, at San Luis and 
vicinity on the plateau back of Santiago, at jSIanzanillo, and along the north 
coast of Vita and Puerto Padre. At these large plantations are found modern 
machinery and appliances, and the development of the sugar industry is 
carried on upon a strictly scientific basis. The land is largely loaned to the 
workingmen, who agree to turn in the cane at the "central" mill of the 
owner of the land. He pays them not by the gross weight of the cane, but in 



68 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES. 

accordance with the percentage of sugar the cane produces. This is an 
incentive, of course, to produce the very best kind of cune. All through the 
extreme eastern part of the island, along the mountain ranges and hillsides, 
are the remains of almost numberless coffee plantations. The cultivation of 
coffee was fonnerly a great industry in eastern Cuba, but the coffee plantations, 
like almost everything else, were totally destroyed by the Ten Years' War and 
the recent war. These plantations were principally established by French 
refugees, who came from Haiti after the uprising of the negroes in that island. 
These coffee plantations were a great source of revenue to their owners and 
to the state for many years. The coffee grown was of excellent quality and, 
like the best grades of the present Porto Rican coffee, commanded very high 
prices in the markets of Europe. The cocoa was also grown extensively by 
these same Frenchmen, cocoa and coffee bushes being cultivated together, 
the former furnishing the necessary shade for the latter. 

The province of Oriente includes the richest mineral region in the island of 
Cuba. The deposits of iron, copper, and manganese have long been known 
and have been extensively and successfully worked. In addition zinc and 
lead are found. 

Santiago de Cuba, the capital of the province, has a fine harbor, beautiful 
drives, and rich mines of iron, copper, and manganese in its immediate 
neighborhood. It has a number of tobacco factories, but the chief business 
is the exportation of raw materials, and the importation of manufactured 
goods and provisions. Sugar, iron ore, manganese, copper, coffee, cocoa, 
fruits, and timber are the principal products. 

The city is full of historical interest; the battlefields of San Juan and Caney, 
the peace tree, and the remains of the Spanish squadron, destroyed outside 
of the harbor of Santiago, are of especial interest to Americans. 




A COCOA GROVE. 



THE SUGAR AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES/ 



Producing farms. — ^The number of farms contributing to the sugar crop of 
1906-7, was 186, this number being 5 more than the total for the previous 
year, and 7 more than the total for the year 1904-5. 

Cultivated area. — Estimated upon the basis of the quantity of cane ground 
and the average yield per acre, the last crop required a cultivated area of no 
less than 849,100 acres as compared with 748,733 acres in the previous year. 

Cane ground. — The quantity of cane ground increased in 1907 as compared 
with 1906, 1,679,947 English tons, the large amount of 14,214,946 tons being 
reached in the former year, and 12,534,999 tons in the latter; the quantity 
ground in the latter year, in its turn, exceeded that for the preceding year, 
by 958,862 tons. 

Sugar production. — In consequence of the increase in the area devoted to 
the cultivation of sugar cane, the production of sugar in 1906-7 exceeded that 
of 1905-6; the amount produced was 1,444,310 tons in the former year and 
1,229,737 tons in the latter year. The increase was 214,573 tons. The 
corresponding increase in 1905-6 as compared with 1904-5 was only 46,389 
tons. 

Sirup production. — The production of both molasses and sugar sirups 
has a close relation to that of sugar. The quantity of sirups obtained from 
the crop of 1906-7 was 46,745,736 gallons, while the quantity manufactured 
in 1905-6 was 37,917,752 gallons, the increase was, therefore, 8,827,984 
gallons, an increase very much greater than the increase in 1905-6 as com- 
pared with 1904-5, the latter increase being 2,760,497 gallons. 

Production of brandy and alcohol. — In 1906-7, the manufactures on sugar 
farms included 1,853,648 gallons of brandy and 400,120 gallons of alcohol as 
compared with 1,032,930 gallons of brandy and 330,121 gallons of alcohol for 
the year 1905-6, which represents an increase of 820,718 gallons of brandy 
and 69,999 gallons of alcohol, quantities which, in their turn, are much greater 
than those reached in the comparison between 1905-6 and 1904-5, the 
increases for that period being 226,433 gallons of brandy and 3,836 gallons of 
alcohol. The production of each of these liquors in factories or distilleries, 
aside from the production on sugar plantations, shows also an appreciable 
increase — 1,302,053 gallons of brandy and 41,262 gallons of alcohol. It 

'This account of the sugar industry of Cuba, and of the other industries connected 
with and dependent thereon, is based upon the report published in 1908 by the Sec- 
tion of General Statistics of the Cuban Treasury Department, of which Dr. JuUan 
Betancourt is chief. 

(69) 



70 THE SUGAR AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES. 

follows, therefore, that the excess of the national production in 1906-7 as 
compared with 1905-6 was 2,122,771 gallons of brandy and 111,261 gallons 
of alcohol. The total production of those liquors for 1906-7 amounted to 
6,800,333 gallons of hraiuly and 2,954,809 gallons of alcohol, an aggregate 
of 9,761,142 gallons. 

Total value of cropn. — The value of the products of the sugar mills may 
be estimated upon the basis of the value of the exports of these products, 
except in the case of alcohol, with which brandy and rum must be included 
because details are not given for this product in the custom-house documents. 
As estimated these products were valued at S73,896,899 in 1906-7 and 
$61,514,978 in 1905-6, the increase being $12,381,921. These crops were 
exceeded, however, by that of 1904—5, the value of which, estimated in the 
same way, was $80,002,734. 

Exportation of sugar. — In the year 1907, 1,292,777 tons of raw sugar were 
exported by the national custom-houses, while in 1906 only 1,180,615 tons 
and in 1905, 1,077,193 tons were exported. Although the quantity of these 
exports increased over 100,000 tons each year, the value of the raw sugar 
exported in 1906 ($57,909,932) was less by $13,843,405 than the corresponding 
value for 1905 ($71,753,337). Fortunately for the country, this threatened 
fall in prices did not continue, and the value of the raw sugar exported in 
1907 was $69,416,689, or $11,506,748 more than the value for the previous 
year. 

With regard to refined sugar, the data of the custom-houses show that there 
has been an extraordinary increase in the amount exported, the amount 
increasing from 1 ton in 1905 to 8 tons in 1906, and to 3,311 tons in 1907, 
while the values increased from $129 in 1905 to $1,198 in 1906 and $137,739 
in 1907. 

Exportation of sirupa. — The same unusual condition is noted with respect 
to sirups, of which 34,532,005 gallons were exported in 1907, 31,530,398 in 
1906, and 28,130,263 in 1905; thi^ represents an increase for 1907 over 1906 
of 3,001,607 gallons and a greater increase, 3,400,135 gallons, for 1906 over 
1905. The variation in the total value of these exports was from $794,542 in 
1905 to $774,627 in 1900 and $921,312 in 1907; while the decrease between 
1905 and 1906 was $19,915, the increase between 1906 and 1907 amounted to 
$146,685. 

Exportation of other products. — The normal relation between quantity and 
value exists in the case of the exports of sweets and preserves and liquors, 
other than brandy and rum, obtained from sugar cane. The exported sweets 
and preserves amounted to 627,900 pounds valued at $33,047 in 1907 and 
380,989 pounds valued at $31,935 in 1906, thus showing an increase in quan- 
tity and in value. Similarly the exports of liquors other than brandy and 
rum increased from 5,676 gallons valued at $1,415 in 1906 to 217,435 gallons 
valued at $59,886 in 1907. In the case of brandy and rum, the quantity 
decreased from 1,342,892 gallons in 1906 to 1,270,745 gallons in 1907 while 
the value increased from $250,809 to $257,800. 



EXPORTS. 71 



Total value of tlie exports mentioned. — ^The total value of the exportations 
noted — namely, sugar, sirups, sweets and preserves, brandy and mm, and 
other liquors— amounts to $70,826,464 for 1907 as compared with $58,969,- 
916 for 1906, showing an increase of $11,856,548, or 20.2 per cent. Of this 
increase the greater part was obtained in commerce with the United States, 
to which country saccharine products to the value of $65,156,492 were exported 
in 1907 as compared with similar exports to the value of $58,433,121 in 1906, 
the increase in 1907 over 1906 being $6,723,371. 

Importation of bags and machinery. — In connection with the sugar and 
allied industries it is necessary to import quantities of bags and machinery. 
In 1907, sugar bags weighing 11,208 tons were imported; these were valued 
at $1,299,040. In the same year 18,481 tons of machinery to be employed 
in the manufacture of sugar and brandy were imported at a cost of $1,445,254. 
These figures compared with those for 1906 show decreases in quantity 
amounting to 1,021 tons for bags and 5,417 tons for machinery, a decrease 
of $739,401 in the value of the machinery, and an increase of $80,749 in the 
value of the bags. The total value of the bags and machinery imported 
amounted to $2,744,294 for 1907 and $3,402,946 for 1906. Thus there was 
an excess in 1906 over 1907 of $658,652 for importations. 

Balance.'^ — A comparison, or final balance, of the exportations and importa- 
tions which have been mentioned, shows an excess in the value of the exports 
amounting to $68,082,170 in 1907 and $55,566,970 in 1906. The excess for 
1906, however, is over five million dollars less than that for 1905, the excess 
for 1905 being $68,313,230. 



'Subject to correction for 1907. 



THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES. 

Bv J. CiiARLEs Hernandez, Director General de Comunicaciones, Cuba. 



PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908. 

The luilitarv intervention of the United States of America in Cuba ^started 
a new era of progress in all the branches of the public administration. During 
the four years of that government a radical transformation was effected. 

From the beginning the important question of the postal and telegraph 
services, which had always been in a miserable condition, was given special 
attention by the intervening government because these services were powerful 
governmental resources as well as necessities to the government and to the 
people. Among the numerous changes authorized, the following may be 
mentioned: The sale of postage stamps at post oflSces, instead of at the 
offices of "stamped papers"; the discontinuance of the delivery fee (5 cents) 
collected from the addressee by the carrier for each letter; the considerable 
increase of letter boxes; the establishment of a more frequent collection of 
mail; the issue of a stamp for use on mail for immediate delivery; and the 
creation of the Dead Letter Bureau. 

In the month of April, 1899, the postal tariff issued by the intervening 
government was put in force. The rates of postage were as follows: Letters 
weighing less than 1 ounce, 2^ cents; single postal cards, 1 cent; double 
postal cards, 2 cents; newspapers entered as second class matter by the 
editors, 1 cent for a package not exceeding 1 pound in weight, provided the 
papers were to be distributed at the office of destination or at an office without 
free delivery, and 1 cent for a package not exceeding 8 ounces in weight, if 
the papers were to be distributed by carriers at a free delivery office; printed 
matter of other kinds, 1 cent for a package not exceeding 2 ounces in 
weight; medicine, merchandise, and samples, 1 cent for each ounce or fraction 
thereof. The registry fee was fixed at 10 cents. 

Later the rate of postage for letters not weighing over 1 ounce was reduced 
to 2 cents and the registry fee to 8 cents, including the return receipt, while 
the rate for newspapers entered as second class matter was fixed at 1 cent a 
pound. 

On January 23, 1906, a law authorized by Congress was promulgated, 
granting domestic franking privilege to all the national newspapers. This 
privilege, which it was feared would cause the second class mail to disappear, 
did not lessen the quantity of that class. 

As there were no special stamps for Cuba at the time of the American 
(72) 



PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908. 73 



intervention the sale of United States stamps M'as authorized. Afterwards 
Cuban stamps of denominations of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 cents were issued; of 
the 10 cent denomination, two different kinds were issued, one for postage, 
and the other for special delivery. A new stamp of 50 cents has been issued 
lately, which is used chiefly for parcels and packages. 

The Postal Code was promulgated on June 21, 1899, by order No. 115, 
of the General Headquarters of the division of Cuba. This order, still in 
effect, granted the Postal Service the most complete autonomy, fixed its 
rights in a clear manner, pointed out the duties of the postal officers, and 
established penalties for violations of its provisions. 

During the Spanish administration, the Postal Service was practically 
limited to the transportation and distribution of the mails. The intervening 
government, after considering the public needs and the general convenience, 
created two new services: the Money Order and the Parcels Post systems, 
which began to operate shortly after the promulgation of the Postal Code. 
These two systems, which formerly were not known in Cuba, were welcomed 
by the public. 

The Money Order Service was established only in 32 military postal 
stations, but it was soon transferred to the post offices. At first this service, 
outside of Cuba, was in operation only with the United States; but it was 
extended later, to Canada. At the end of the first intervention there were 103 
post offices with money order service in Cuba; at the expiration of the first 
government of the Republic there were 120, and at the present time there 
are 155. 

At the close of the first American administration the Parcels Post System 
was in operation at 159 post offices. During the period from May 20, 1902, 
to September 29, 1906, it was established in 56 additional offices, and during 
the present provisional government of the United States 45 more have been 
added, making a total of 260 at the present time. 

No important changes have been made in the Money Order or Parcels Post 
systems. A new money order blank, similar to that now in use in the United 
States, has been substituted for the old form and has been well received by 
the public, as it bears a picture of Commanding-General Calixto Garcia 
Iniguez. 

No postal treaty was concluded during the e])och of the intervention, as 
Cuba had no definite status. Upon the restoration of the national govern- 
ment, five were concluded as follows: one with the United States and one 
with Mexico for the exchange of mail; and one with Mexico, one with Ger- 
many, and one with France for the exchange of parcels. By virtue of the first 
two treaties, the domestic rates in force in the country in which the mail 
originates are charged. With the exception of newspapers, articles under 
franking priNnlege in the domestic service are also entitled to this privilege in 
the International service. 

Of the treaties for the International Parcels Post Service those with Ger- 
many and France, which are the most perfect, were put in force on June 1, 

6 



74 



THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES. 



1906, and January 1, 1907, respectively; but the service did not begin to 
operate regularly until January, 1907. 

By January 1, 1908, it had developed to an extraordinary extent, as shown 
by the fact that in this short period of time 15,000 parcels were received. 

The mail transportation service was quite deficient during the Spanish 
administration. No assortment or distribution of mails was made on the 
trains en route. The intervening government established such distribution 
and increased the number of routes. On May 20, 1902, there were 123 routes 
with a distance run of 1,541,265 miles; on September 29, 1900, there were 
137 with a run of 2,476,819 miles; and at present there are 145 routes aggre- 
gating 5,324 miles in length, and w^ith an annual run of 2,545,828 miles. 

Under the Spanish administration this service had never been heavily 
subsidized. The government granted concessions for the construction of 
railroads with the condition that they should convey the mails without charge. 
Only two railroad companies were paid therefor, the Puerto Principe and 
Nuevitas Railroad Co., and the Habana United Railway, which were paid 
S816 and $1,254 per annum, respectively. The intervening government 
reduced the compensation of the first named company to $660 but made no 
change in that of the other. The government of the Republic, because of 
exactions of the railroad companies which were protected by Order 34 of 1902, 
and because of the increase of the Postal Service, was compelled to pay all of the 
railroads for this service, and appropriated a large amount for that purpose; 
consequently, while the service required an expenditure of only $1,914 at 
the end of the first American intervention, it costs at present about 8180,000. 

^Mien the officers of the intervening government took charge of the postal 
service a list of 310 post offices was exhibited to them, but at the end of 
February, 1899, only 193 were able to perform service. However, at the time 
of the restoration of the government of the Republic there were 297 in 
operation, and at the end of that administration, 366. At present there are 415 
post offices. 

The Registry Service established by the intervening government has 
remained without change, although largely increased in proportion to the 
development of business. This service is in operation in all of the post offices 
of the island. 

The following table shows the gradual increase of the Registry Service from 
1902 to September 30, 1907: 



CLASS OF M.VIL. 



NUMBER OF RBOISTBKSD ARTICLES. 



1906-1907 1905-1906 1904-1905 1903-1904 1902-1903 



Aggregate 

Outgoing 

Domestic. . . 
Foreitni- • • ■ 
Official 

Incoming 



913.620 



748,260 



685.476 



543.966 



380.135 



582,747 
289,251 
179.261 
114.235 
330.873 



522.252 
244.028 
123,328 
154.896 
226.008 



490,044 
232,813 
114,372 
142,859 
195,432 



366,366 
172,394 
112,534 
81.438 
177.600 



265.539 
161.750 
103.789 



114.596 



PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908. 75 

On January 1, 1908, there were in the Habana post office 2,000 undeUvered 
registered articles. Some of them had been lying in the office for three or four 
years. 

At the time the intervening government established the Dead Letter 
Bureau, thousands of undelivered letters were found. Among them were 
some of the year 1891. From January to June, 1899, 73,688 letters were sent 
to that Bureau. In the following years the number gradually grew less in 
proportion to the mail, which shows the efficiency in the delivery service. 
During the one year of the present provisional government's administration, 
the proportion of dead letters has been 6.4 per thousand in the domestic 
service and 16.4 per thousand in the international service, the majority of 
such letters, chiefly in the latter service, being due to wrong addresses. 

By virtue of the Universal Postal Convention of Rome, which was put in 
force October 1, 1907, the Cuban administration adopted two measures of 
considerable importance. One fixed the postage of letters addressed to foreign 
countries, with the exception of the United States and Mexico, at the rate of 
5 cents for the first ounce, and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fraction 
thereof. The other accepted the exchange of international answer-coupous, 
which, when bought in any of the countries where they are admissible, are 
exchangeable for 25 centimes in postage stamps in the other countries included 
in the e.vchange convention. Both decrees of the provisional government of 
the Republic received public praise. 

Great improvements were also made in the Telegraph Service. At the end 
of the war of Independence there was only a small number of telegraph lines 
on the island and they were in ruinous condition. The Cuban forces had 
destroyed all the lines they could find, for the purpose of interrupting the 
communication of the Spanish government. During the period of the Ameri- 
can military intervention, the telegraph servnce was under the control of the 
Signal Corps of the Army of Occupation. 

This Corps, with the aid of the liberal appropriations ordered by the 
military government, soon restored the old lines, and erected new ones, 
which were used rather for the military service than for the convenience of 
the public. The intervening government introduced a more reasonable 
telegraphic tariff than the one in force under the Spanish administration. 
When the intervention ceased the telegraph lines of the government measured 
3,499 miles, with service at 77 stations with automatic repeaters. At the 
establishment of the Republic the Telegraph Service and the Postal Service 
were placed under one Department, which was called "Comunicaciones," 

During the first national goveniment very little was done toward improve- 
ment in the telegraph lines. The service was generally bad, and was rapidly 
deteriorating in the extreme provinces of the island. In that period, how- 
ever, two wireless telegraph stations were installed, one at jNlaricl, Pinar del 
Rio province, and one at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines. 

At the end of the national government of the Republic there were 5,855 
kilometers of telegraph lines and. at the commencement of the provisional 



76 THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES. 

government all wrrr in bad condition, as a result partly of lack of repairs, 
and partly of danlagc^ caused by rain storms and by the Revolutionary 
forces. All these lines were repaired, and a few new ones have been erected. 

The Duplex-polar apparatus was installed on the central line of the island, 
from Habana to Santo Domingo and afterwards to Camagiiey; as a result 
of this improvement it was possible to transmit 600,604 messages during the 
first year of the provisional government. 

There are now under construction 6 wireless telegraph stations: one on 
the glacis of Morro Castle at Habana, and one each at Pinar del Rio, Santa 
Clara, Camagiiey, Baracoa, and Santiago de Cuba. The one now in opera- 
tion on the esplanade between Morro Castle and Cabana Fortress, which wab 
previously at Mariel, will be removed to Bayamo as soon as the new one on 
the glacis of Morro Castle is completed. 

At the present time, 6,196 kilometers of telegraph lines and 115 stations 
are in operation. 

The Spanish legislation concerning telephones has not been changed, 
hence, the laws governing telephone service are not consistent with modem 
methods. 

The Department of Communications had on January 2, 1908, 1,601 em- 
ployees distributed as follows: In the Department proper, 149; in Pinar del 
Rfo, 117; in Habana, 501: in Matanzas, 200; in Santa Clara, 283; in Cama- 
giiey, 102; in Oriente, 249. There were in addition 160 substitutes without 
salary. 



MONEY, BANKS, AND BANKING. 



MONEY. 



Cuba has no currency of its own coinage. The official money of the Repub- 
lic is United States currency, and all taxes and public debts are payable in 
the same, except fees of registers of property, which are collected in Spanish 
gold. In wholesale commercial circles Spanish gold is the basis of calculation, 
and in the retail trade and in the country Spanish silver is commonly used. 

United States currency is always at a slight premium over Spanish gold, 
but this premium fluctuates according to the demand for Spanish gold and 
silver. During the year 1907, the American dollar was on an average equiva 
lent to SI. 03 Spanish gold or $1.16 Spanish silver. 

The centen, or 25-peseta piece, is of gold, and has an average value of S4.85 
American money. The silver coins are the peso, peseta, dos pesetas, real, and 
medio. The dos pesetas i> a silver coin valued at 2 pesetas, for which there is 
no corresponding piece in the American coinage. The peseta is the fifth 
of a peso. 

The following table will show more clearly the different coins in circulation 
in Cuba and their value in American monev: 





Spanish. 


American. 




$1.00 
.40 


$0.85 




.34 




.20 
.10 
.05 


.17 




.08 




.04 







El peso .... 
Dos pesetas. 
Una peseta. 
Un real .... 
Medio real. . 



Copper 1-centavo (cent) and 2-centavo pieces pass current at their face 
value in sums not exceeding the value of 1 peseta. For the government the 
fixed value of the centen is $4.78 in American money and $3.83 in French 
coins or coins equal in value to the fourth part of a Spanish onza. 

BANKS AND BANKING. 

The banking facilities existing in Cuba at the present time are inadequate. 
Under the tenure of Spain no effort was made to afford the Cubans an oppor- 
tunity to bank their savings, and no attention was given to such channels 
for the distribution of money as are usually found in other countries. 

On July 21, 1898, immediately following the occupation of Santiago by 
the American troops, the President of the United States appointed the North 

(77) 



78 MONEY, BANKS, AND BANKING. 



American Tnist Company, of New York, fiscal agent of the United States, 
and it continued to act as such until July 18, 1901, when the assets and 
business were transferred to the Banco Nacional de Cuba. 

This bank was organized with a paid up capital of §1,000,000 United States 
currency. It purchased part of the assets of the North American Trust Com- 
pany, and liquidated the company's business in Cuba. 

The bank lias branches established at Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas, Cien- 
fuegos, Cdrdenas, Manzanillo, Sagua la Grande, and Pinar del Rfo, and 
correspondents at every other important point in the island. 

The two principal conditions from which the financial situation in Cuba 
suffered were, first, scarcity of money in circulation; and, second, the lack 
of banking facilities outside the city of Habana, with the consequent immobil- 
ity of capital, and the difficulty of transferring money and credit from one 
point to another. 

The bank sought to meet these conditions by establishing its branches at 
the points mentioned, through which the government makes its deposits and 
disbursements for the several localities, and which encourage local deposits, 
which are available for local loans. In this way exchange operations have 
been facilitated, giving mobility to capital and affording opportunities for 
individuals and companies to make deposits in the bank, instead of keeping 
specie hoarded in safes as theretofore. 

The bank has a savings department, which serves to bring money into 
circulation, in addition to the bank's capital. 

Ijocal loans are made and used for the development of business in each 
section. The surplus of one section is transmitted for loans in other sections 
where there is a demand for money. This prevents the money from being 
concentrated in Habana and gives facilities for the development of the several 
sections of the island instead of one particular section. The bank has cor- 
respondents all over the world, and does the principal part of the exchange 
business with China. 

The bank's capital of $1,000,000 is divided into 10,000 shares of the par 
Vcdue of $100 each. United States currency. This stock is held principally 
in the United States, although a large amount is held in Cuba. 

J. P. Morgan & Co. are the bank's correspondents in New York. 

Royal Bank of Canada. — The agency of the Royal Bank of Canada (head 
office at Halifax, Nova Scotia), established in Habana in 1899, has rapidly 
gained the confidence of the community, and is now ranked among the most 
important banking concerns doing business in the island. This institution, 
which is well and favorably known in the United States and Canada, has 
more than forty branches in those countries. One of the branches is in New 
York city, and furnishes exceptional facilities for the handling of transactions 
between that city and Habana. The bank has correspondents also in the 
principal cities of Europe and in the East, among them being the Bank of 
Scotland, the Credit Lyonnais, the Deutsche Bank, and the Hongkong and 
Shanghai Banking Corporation. 



BANKS. 79 

This concern has recently bought out the business of the "Banco del 
Comercio." 

It has branches in Santiago dc Cuba and Camagiiey. 

Bank of Nova Scotia. — Recently the Bank of Nova Scotia established a^ 
branch in Habana, which is rapidly gaining favor and business. 

The Spanish Bank. — This institution, known as the "Banco Espanol de 
la Isla de Cuba" (Spanish Bank of the Island of Cuba), is a stock company, 
and was incorporated on April 9, 1856, w^th a capital stock of $8,000,000, 
now divided into 80,000 shares of the par value of SlOO each. It has a reserve 
fund of $456,000. During the Spanish Sovereignty it enjoyed the support 
of the government, with which it negotiated many large transactions. 

Colonial Loan and Deposit Association, of Buffalo, N. Y. — This association^ 
has an authorized capital of $20,000,000; the stock is divided into shares of" 
$100 each. Its object is to bring together those people who have money to 
invest and those who want to borrow; and to furnish a safe and profitable 
system for investing money in both large and small sums in a manner which 
\n\\ assist and encourage saving. 

In addition to the regular banks there are several private firms, whose 
business is principally that of loaning money on securities. 



FOREIGN COMMERCE. 



The foreign trade of Cuba has always been large in proportion to its 
population and, since the first American intervention, it has increased 
greatly, especially in exports, which have more than doubled. The heaviest 
trade was in 1905. The decrease in 1906 as compared with 1905 was due, 
of course, to the revolution. 

The following table shows the values in American dollars of the imports 
and exports of Cuba for each of the years from 1899 to 1907: 



YEAR ENDING JUNE 30. 



Imports. 



Exports. 



1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 



875,303,612 
70,079,214 
67,743,033 
62,135,464 
67,077,676 
82,835,651 

103.220,985 
99,539,661 
97,334,195 



$49,698,772 

51.342,336 

66,502,169 

64.948,804 

78,486,409 

89,978,141 

112.280.026 

108,909.667 

114.812.846 



In 1907 imports were valued at approximately S47 and exports at $56 per 
capita of the population. From 1899 to 1901 the balance of trade was against 
the island, but each year since 1902 the value of the exports has exceeded the 
value of the imports, and the net result, in the 9 years of record, is a trade 
balance of $11,689,679 in favor of Cuba. 
(80) 



VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 



81 









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co — oot^-rooo-tco 

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Moc-n^ociinoico 

OM-<J<00>00105-* 

t~M"o»oooosr-oo-^ 

iMiClCiOCOiOiOUJrJ" 



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t^-^cioi^oc^^xoo 

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(^IMCOC^—iCO-HiOO 



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00OOS05OO050»0> 



82 



FOREIGN COMMERCE. 



= 85 

O 3 



a 



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1 



1 



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02 






OCOOO'-iOO>00»0» 
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t^o«e«^t*o«« 

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r-li-HOIMt^C3'H(£),-l 



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t»U5t^-*00OJh-O300 

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NClCOtO-'O'^CItO 
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oo•^c1co1<mo^^ 
ooooooooo 






VALUE OF EXPORTS, BY COUNTRIES. 



83 



<5S 



00(MCOodcOCO(NOO 
■-<iOT)<C0C0'<l<00t>.lO 



03 



<Nt^OO00t^t-t-00 



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roiOTfH -COOOOCOCD 
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10 05 n • CO 



05W<*<CSIMOCO«OC«5 

mO'-c<i'coTH«3toeo 

lOCO'-'Ot^COOOt^'H 



Ht-HOrHOOCO 



■«D— I 05'<}<C>) 



in«(NOOOOCO>01NOO 
e<IU50t^O(NlO»-10 

os-^Tjttot^coot^eo 

lOlf5IMO>e0005CO'-l 
■-HlO-*C0»O-*COC0C0 



02 



U50C005iOTt<tOOiO 

oo50coTt<cor^t~.-i 

tOC0-*C0W<Ot-'<tl(M 
l-llHi-li-Hi-lrtNCO 



• U3 0J 

■doc 



•a 3 

h3cQ 



tN.COtDfOTj<0"5'*0 

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,-c^tOO500cDCOt>.-* 

■*No-*o-<*<cO'-ii-i 



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coof~<N;Oi-'0'-<<£) 

005(NCO<NO'-I05t^ 



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05 O 1-1 W CO ■^ O to t^ 
0500000000 

000505050505050301 



050•-"<Nco^u^!0^» 

0500000000 

00O5O5C5O5C5O5O5O5 



84 



FOREIGN COMMERCE. 



The following table derived from the preceding tables shows the degree in 
which certain louiitrios liiivc participated in Cuban trade during the past 
9 years: 







PER 


CENT OF TOTAL. 




YEAR ENDING JUNE 30. 


United 
States. 


Spain. 


Germany. 


France. 


United 
Kingdom. 


/ 


IMPORTS. 


1899 


43.7 
43.8 
42.0 
41.7 
40.5 
42.7 
45.4 
48.6 
49.5 


16.6 
14.6 
15.2 
15.8 
14.4 
12.3 
10.7 
9.2 
8.5 


3.0 
4.5 
5.2 
6.0 
4.6 
6.5 
6.2 
6.5 
6.6 


4.1 
4.9 
4.3 
5.0 
5.3 
6.7 
5.5 
5.7 
6.6 


14.7 


1900 


15.7 


1901 


14.1 


1902 


15.0 


1903 


17.0 


1904 


16.6 


1905 


15.3 


1906 


14.4 


1907 


14.0 








EXPORTS. 


1899 


83.0 
68.0 
76.0 
77.0 
77.8 
83.7 
86.5 
85.0 
88.8 


2.6 
1.7 
1.1 
1.7 
1.6 
0.8 
0.7 
0.7 
0.6 


3.5 
11.3 
6.7 
6.2 
6.9 
4.5 
3.5 
3.5 
2.7 


2.7 
2.5 
2.1 
2.0 
1.5 
1.1 
1.1 
1.5 
0.9 


6.0 


1900 


11.1 


1901 


9.4 


1902 


9.0 


1903 


8.5 


1904 


6.6 


1905 


5.3 


1906 


6.7 


1907 


3.9 







The principal trade has been with the United States, which has supplied 
from two-fifths to almost one-half of the imports, and has received from two- 
thirds to over seven-eighths of the exports. 

The United States takes practically all the exports of sugar, fruit, and 
minerals, and more than nine-tenths of the raw tobacco. 

Next to that of the United States the trade with the United Kingdom has 
been the most important. That with Spain has fallen oft greatly. Trade 
with Germany and France was slight. 

Habana is, of course, by far the most important port in Cuba, since 69.5 
per cent of the imports and 40.2 per cent of the exports passed through it in 
the fiscal year. Santiago de Cuba has been the second port in rank in the 
value of imports for the last four years, while Cienfuegos has ranked second 
in the value of exports for the last three years. 

The following tables classify imports and exports by kind, for 1899 to 
1908; by countries and class, for 1907; and by ports, for 1899 to 1907. 



VALUE OF IMPORTS, BY CLASS. 



85 





U5 




5COIM 





CD 00 CO t^ 


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C-O'H 


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05 O-nr^ 


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CO 


in 00 -H CO 


OX corses 


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Mt^ 




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10 IN 


o 

05 


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■<i< inoN- 


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Oo'co" 'H 






N 




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oovoo 


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(N05 coin 


COP! 




COIN 




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to 




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CO 10 CO 00 


IN COCDCO 


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CD -^OlO 


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t-00 00 


CD 


0> CO CO IN 


in t^ooco 


ino 05'* 


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CO-* 00 IN 


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a> O5 0o"co 


coco ^* CO 


mm 




o'o' 


t^ 




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r-lTjl CO-* 


com 




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t~r-<OC0 


in cocoiN 


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001^ 




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■*inco 


05 


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in t^cor^ 


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t^co 




03 00 




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ClOiO 


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(NOOO 


co Ococo 


coco TjiM 


000 




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05 
00 


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in-^o) 


t^ 


CDOCOOO 


00 .-<cot~- 


t^(N 00 


IN 05 




mcN 


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00-<CO 


(N 


in-^cocN 


■* comco 


COOO -^oo 


CO-H 




coo 


CO 




C-It^-* 


CD 


^OOlNTfi 


IN COOM 


<NCO t^CO 


t-^IN 




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in 








'^ 


1-1 1-l 


COIN 






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tfj 




■a 

c 

Cj 
(V 

£ 


C '■ 

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ID 

£ ; 

Q. 


c- 





s 

3 

s 1 


1 

13 


. 

53 = 


c 
-i 

Pi 




3 
•3 
c 


c 

C4 

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CO 


a. 


•3 
C 


I 

3 



3 

c 

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io • ; 

3 oJ <D 
■552 

3^S 

c c8 ca 
ca a& 
E-o'2 
to c c 
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ca ca 

0. 
ca 

P^ 


3 


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c 
ca 
5 

_u 

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■n 
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03 


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(-1 

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a 
o 


c 
C 




Metals and their 
factures: 
Gold, silver. 


si 

*: 

0^ 


"=5 II 

3— a. 
^ 

cE.£ 


.Sis 

i: 


- 1^ 

etf i- 


a 

a 
> 


■2-c 


•3 
C 
C3 


Woods and othe 
materials: 
Woods and 


0) 

> 

IV 





86 



FOREIGN COMMERCE. 



Oi 

>-( 

■S 

J 



g 



II 




woo 


ocf r^ 


^<OOC»00O< 


sr* 


t^ 


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iOO>W_NO»?50)0 


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m 


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e^ooio 


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1< 


te- 






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h- — c>i 


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co(Nooa6t«<oSt« 


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Woods and their manu- 
factures 

Other vegetable materials 




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Pharmaceutical preparat 
chemicals, perfumeries, 
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Paints, dyes, and 




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IMPORTS, BY CLASS AND COUNTRIES. 



91 



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•» - - 



ton* CD 

lOlNOO 



eowco 
e»ooto 



(NOSOO'fOOOOOOO 
C^ lO —1 O 0> ■* «D CO 

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lOO-H 



COCOiOCOlOt^OlM 

CO t^ in CO lo 00 1^ 00 

CO 05 CO ■* •* ,-1 ,-( lO 

■*O05t^t^0JC0 00 
■-H CO Ui CO C-l i-( 

•-ICO coco 



CONCD 
Tt<(MCO 
COOOI>. 



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t»05i-lt»iOOCD'-l 



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CO O Tl< CO C5 N CO CO 
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1 

$1,685,430 
1,646 
6,499 


t-oo 

oco 

lOCO 
»"in" 


2,660,030 

396,675 1 

339,578 

2,464 

1,387,187 

8,331 

1,492 

2,278,349 


03 




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CO 


OOCOOJ 

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t^ot^ 

C^lt^CO 

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CO lO -H rH 


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CO 


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t^iOCO 

micco 

COlOC^ 


297,798 
6,808,524 
2,647,167 


9.463,514 
1,317,966 
11,060,270 
563,212 
4,061,948 
3,620,280 
1,938,980 
4,145,017 


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92 



FOREIGN COMMERCE. 






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TOBACCO PACK TRAIN. 



IMPORTS, BY PORTS. 



93 



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03 00 O 00 CD "O m •<>< -H <NO-*'^ 



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£§-o 






MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING. 

Statistics concerning the movement of shipping in the Cuban ports have 
been compiled by the Department of "Hacienda" for publication in this report. 
The data presented show for each port the number and tonnage of incoming 
and outgoing vessels. For the years from 1899 to 1906 the movement of 
shipping is shown for the vessels engaged in domestic trade and for those 
engj>ged in foreign trade, while for the year 1907 the data are for the vessels 
engaged in foreign trade. 

The largest movement was in 1906, when the total number of incoming 
vessels was 17,570, with a tonnage of 13,463,932. The number and tonnage 
of outgoing vessels were, of course, practically the same as those of incoming 
vessels. In the 8 years from 1899 to 1906, domestic tonnage considerably 
more than doubled, and foreign tonnage increased more than 77 per cent. 

The most important port so far as foreign trade is concerned, is Habana, 
which had, in 1906, about 41 per cent of the tonnage of all ports. Next is 
Santiago, -^^ith almost 14 per cent. Cienfuegos and Matanzas were nearly 
tied for the third place, ^^^th more than 7 per cent each, the former being 
slightly ahead. 

In domestic trade, Habana was but little in advance of other ports in 1906. 
In that year this city had 11 per cent of the tonnage, while Santiago had 10 
per cent, and Tunas and Guantanamo were not far behind. 

The foreign trade employed more than three times as much tonnage as the 
domestic trade in 1906. The size of the vessels in both domestic and foreign 
trade has greatly increased in recent years. In 1899 the average tonnage of 
vessels engaged in domestic trade was 157, and the average for the foreign 
trade was 1,374; in 1906 the corresponding averages were 283 and 2,179. 

(95) 



96 



MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING. 



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RELATING TO SUGAR CROP. 



103 



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iS^ 



IMMIGRATION. 



No statistics of immigration have been obtained for any year prior to the 
fiscal year 1903. The following table shows the number of immigrants 
arriving in that and in succeeding fiscal years: 



TEAR ENDING JUNE 30. 


Number 
of Immi- 
grants. 


1903 


12,651 


1904 


19,817 


1905 


40,560 


1906 


52,652 


1907 


29,572 







There was a rapid increase up to 1906, and a great decrease in 1907, the 
decrease being caused, doubtless, by the revolution and the consequent 
disturbed conditions. 

The following table classifies the immigrants by the ports at which they 
landed in Cuba, for each fiscal year from 1903 to 1907: 

Immigrants, by ports: 1903 to 1907} 



PORT. 


Total. 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


Total 


155,252 


12,651 


19,817 


40,560 


62,652 


29,572 








32 

7 

306 

2 

1,233 

476 

399 

128,897 

221 

130 

164 

1,444 

513 

23 

22,083 

22 






32 






Bataban6. 


4 
19 

1 
201 


3 
3 






Caibarifin 


33 

1 

342 

40 

5 

36,076 

78 

21 

87 

266 


120 


131 






Cienfuegos 


290 


301 
419 


99 


Gibara 


17 




69 

10,144 

26 

33 


25 

17,456 

53 

61 

4 

241 


300 




42,574 

61 

9 

52 

395 

202 

17 

8,480 

22 


21,947 


Manzanillo 


4 




16 


N ueva Gerona 


21 


Nuevitas 


150 


392 


Puerto Padre 


311 


Sagiia la Grande 


6 
1,099 








Santiago de Cuba 


1,691 


3,579 


6,334 

















»Year ending June 30. 



Habana is by far the most important port, since 83 per cent of all the 
immigrants arriving in Cuba during the five years landed there. At Santiago 
de Cuba, the next most important port, were landed 14 per cent of the total 
number of immigrants. 

(105) 



106 



IMiMIGRATloX 



The following tabic classifies immigrants by nationality 
Immigrants, by nationality: 1903 to 1907} 



VKTiatth.'Lnrt. 


Total, 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


Aggregate 


155,252 


12,651 


19,817 


40,660 


62.652 


29,572 






American 


16,810 


1,688 


2,049 


3,265 


6.151 


3,657 






Canadian 


48 
132 
934 

2,170 
896 

8,271 

3,359 
136,200 


7 

83 

140 

79 

169 

1,066 

144 

10,636 


17 

27 

173 

223 

113 

1,263 

233 

17,363 


24 

15 

235 

413 

250 

1,849 

479 

36,521 






Dominican 


4 

254 

738 

221 

2,384 

1,550 

46,566 


3 




132 


Porto Rican 


717 


South American 

United States 


143 
1,709 


West Indian, not speci- 
fied 


953 


European 


25,114 






Austro-Hungarian 

Belgian 


114 

53 

91 

3,718 

1,324 

586 

213 

9 

1,311 

11 

136 

8 

70 

441 

45 

128,003 

67 

2,980 


17 

3 

12 

371 

147 

64 

15 

2 

228 


24 

13 

11 

343 

194 

104 

4 

4 

274 

2 

17 

2 

7 

69 

7 

16,276 

12 

373 


16 

10 

27 

356 

333 

162 

4 

2 

255 

2 

27 

2 

26 

105 

16 

35,161 

17 

688 


21 

14 

16 

604 

369 

176 

109 

1 

339 

7 

59 


36 
13 


Dutch 


25 


English 


2,044 


French 


281 


German 


80 


Greelc 


81 


Irish 




Italian 


215 


Polish 




Portuguese 


7 
1 
3 
41 
2 
9,716 
7 

276 


26 


Roumanian 


3 


Russian - 


25 

126 

10 

44,672 
18 

862 


9 


Scandinavian' 

Scotch 


100 
10 


Spanish 


22,178 




13 


Asiatic 


781 






Arabian 


530 
9 

318 

8 

33 

7 

9 

26 

1,358 

689 

10 


51 


39 
3 

71 
4 


51 

5 

172 


207 


182 


Armenian 


1 


Chinese 


5 

1 


62 
3 

7 

1 


8 


Corean 








26 


Japanese 


1 




1 


4 


Persian 




2 


Philippine 


3 

192 

23 




i68' 

88 

3 


1 

372 

86 

7 


22 
332 
228 




Syrian 


294 


Turkish 


264 


African 












10 

252 




29 


7 
79 






Other 


51 


73 


20 







' Year ending June 30. 
' Includes 3 Finlanders. 
» Includes Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes. 

Spaniards form an overwhelming majority of all immigrants, the number 
arriving during the five years being neariy 83 per cent of the total number. 
Next in rank are immigrants from the United States, although they formed 
IcaS than 6 per cent of the total number. There were more immigrants from 
the United States, however, than from Central and South America and the 
other West Indies combined. Only 8,197 immigrants other than Spaniards 
have come from Europe, and nearly one-half of these came from Great Britain. 



IMMIGRANTS BY COUNTRIES. 



lo; 



The foUownng table classifies immigrants by the countries in which they 
last resided permanently: 

Immigrants, by country of last permanent residence: 1903 to 1907} 



COUNTRY OF LAST 
PERMANENT RESIDENCE, 


Total. 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 




155,252 


12,651 


19,817 


40,560 


52,652 


29,572 






America 


33,213 


3,277 


4,378 


6,976 


9.665 


8 917 






Canada 


46 

27 

7,614 

2,982 

41 

795 

11,647 

10,008 

54 

121,719 


2 

6 

732 

207 

40 

122 

1,427 

741 




18 


7 

16 

2,131 

919 

1 

202 

3,368 

3,022 


18 


Central America 


6 

1,082 

344 


1 


Mexico 


1,949 
596 


1 720 


Porto Rico 


916 


San Domingo 




South America 

United States 


176 
1,816 

936 
19 

15,438 


222 
3,040 

1,117 
34 

33.401 


73 
1.996 


West Indies, not speci- 
fied 


4 192 


Not specified 


1 


Europe 


9,374 


42,851 


20 655 






Austria 


11 

15 

18 

292 

968 

328 

79 

5 

543 

25 

18 

119,135 

16 

10 

244 

12 

320 




9 

2 

1 

27 

135 

=f 

4 
161 


1 
2 

\l 

287 
64 

7 




1 


Belgium 




11 




Denmark 




6 


England 


ie 

59 
112 

1 

1 

102 


134 

230 

64 

70 


95 


France 


257 


Germany 


36 


Greece 




Holland 




Italy 


71 

2 

2 

32,916 


i28 

17 

14 

42,103 

3 

5 

67 

5 

136 


81 


Norway 


6 


Portugal 


1 
9,082 


1 

15,027 

13 

2 




Spain 


20 007 






Switzerland 




3 

15 




Turkey 




162 


Not specified 




3 
1 


4 


Asia 




183 










China 


93 

227 






70 
113 


23 

113 




Turkey 




1 











'Year ending June 30. 



The following table classifies the immigrants arriving during the fiscal year 
1907, by sex, age, conjugal condition, and literacy, as well as by nationality: 



108 



IMMIGRATION. 






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GAIN OR LOSS. 



109 



Four-fifths (80.6 per cent) of the immigrants of that year were males. A 
very large proportion (78.4 per cent) were in the prime of life, i. e., between 
the ages of 15 and 44 years, while 15.9 per cent were children, and only 5.6 
per cent were over 45 years of age. Over twenty-eight per cent were married, 
the remainder being either single or widowed. Their educational condition 
was high, four-fifths of them being able to read and write. 

Three-fourths of all immigrants possessed occupations. Of the total 
number 1.6 per cent were professional men, 9.8 per cent were of the skdled 
labor class, 8 per cent of the mercantile class, while more than half, or 53 per 
cent, were laborers. 

The dift'erence between the number of passengers arriving and the number 
departing is the net increase to the population from outside sources. While 
in the five years Cuba received 155,252 immigrants, the net increase to her 
population from this source is less than half that number, or 75,227. The 
following are the gains by single years: 



YEAii ENDING JUNE 30. 



Net gain. 



1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 



85 

9.509 

26.437 

33,697 

5,499 



One effect of the revolution of 1906 was to reduce the number of arrivals 
and increase the number of departures; this is reflected in the small balance 
of arrivals over departures. 

The following table shows, by country of origin, the gain or loss to Cuba 
during the five years: 



Gain. 



Loss. 



Total. 



America. 



British West Indies. 

Haiti 

Mexico 

Porto Rico 

San Domingo 

South. America 

United States 

Other 



Europe . 



England. 
France. . . 
Germany. 

Itai.v 

Spain ... 
Otlier. . . 



83,631 



6,650 



3,482 
622 



1.468 
1,078 



76,981 



861 

1,596 

320 

457 

73,677 

70 



8,404 



8.404 



6,814 



260 

1,317 

13 



CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE. 



By Honorable Manuel Laxda, Acting Chief of the Department of Justice 
of the RepubHc of Cuba. 

The jurisdiction in the case of criminal matters in Cuba rests solely and 
exclusively in the ordinary courts constituting the judiciary of the Island. 

Upon the cessation of Spanish sovereignty in Cuba on January 1, 1899, 
the military and naval courts, which acted in the case of persons entitled to 
the jurisdiction of a special forum because of their connection with these 
branches of the service, likewise ceased, and all citizens became subject to the 
jurisdiction of the ordinary courts. 

The Supreme Court of the nation was organized in 1899, and in the same 
year the Audiencias were organized in the following order: Pinar del Rio, 
Habana, ISIatanzas, Santa Clara, Camagiiey, and Oriente, each corresponding 
to the province of the same name. 

Each Audiencia holds its sessions in the capital of the province to which it 
belongs, and has jurisdiction and control over the inferior courts situated 
within its province. In cases where questions of jurisdiction arise among the 
judges of the different localities, such questions are submitted to the Supreme 
Court, which decides them. 

The Audiencia of Habana has a president, three presidents of chamber, 
twelve associate justices, a fiscal, a deputy fiscal, and four assistant deputy 
fiscals. Four courts of first instance, three of examination, seven of first 
instance and examination, and two correctional courts are under its juris- 
diction. The Audiencia of Habana at present possesses two Chambers for the 
hearing and decision of criminal matters. 

The Audiencia of Pinar del Rfo has a president, five associate justices, a 
fiscal, and a deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are one court of first instance, 
one of examination, and four of first instance and examination. 

The Audiencia of Matanzas has a president, five associate justices, a fiscal, 
a deputy fiscal, and an assistant deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are a 
court of first instance, a court of examination, five courts of first instance and 
examination, and two correctional courts. 

The Audiencia of Camagiiey has a president, four associate justices, a fiscal, 
and a deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction arc two courts of first instance and 
examination and one correctional court. 

The Audiencia of Oriente has a president, five associate justices, a fiscal, 
a deputy fiscal, and an assistant deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are a 
(110) 



DEP.\RTMENT OF PUBLIC PROSECUTION. HI 

court of first instance, one of examination, and five of first instance and 
examination. 

In places where there are no correctional judges, the judges of first instance 
and examination act in cases that ordinarily would come before correctional 
judges. In cases where there are neither correctional judges nor judges of 
examination, the municipal judges act as correctional judges in cases of minor 
offenses. 

The Department of Public Prosecution, with the Fiscal of the Supreme 
Court at its head, represents the State and society, and intervenes in all 
criminal causes, exercising supervision over the proceedings. 

In criminal matters the Code has been in force in Cuba since 1879, and the 
Law of Criminal Procedure since 1889; while in 1900 the correctional courts 
were created to take cognizance in an oral trial of minor offenses and crimes 
of but slight importance, which were previously submitted to the various 
Audiencias for decision. 

The procedure in correctional courts is rapid and of recognized efficiency. 
No appeal lies from the sentence, and the execution thereof is immediate. 
The penalties which may be imposed by a correctional judge are a fine of 
from one to thirty dollars and confinement from one to thirty days in jail, for 
a misdemeanor, and a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and imprison- 
ment not exceeding one hundred and eighty days, for a crime. In default of 
the payment of the fine an additional term of imprisonment must be served 
at the rate of one day for each dollar of fine. 

With reference to the procedure for hearing and determining matters 
submitted to the jurisdiction of the Audiencias, it may be said that it also is 
rapid. 

The investigation of a crime devolves upon the judge of the examination 
court of the territory or judicial district in which it occurred. This judge 
prepares the record of the preliminary proceedings showing the data to be 
considered finally in the trial. The success of the case depends largely upon 
the perspicacity of the judge, inasmuch as these data form the basis of the 
proof upon which the sentence is based. 

The record of the preliminary proceedings is transmitted to the Audiencia, 
through the Fiscal, who either formulates provisional conclusions or asks for 
a dismissal, according to the merits of the case. If he asks for a dismissal, the 
prosecution ordered by the judge, and its consequences, become of no effect; 
but if he accuses and requests that a penalty be imposed, the case is submitted 
to the court for decision, after an oral and public trial, at which the Fiscal or 
the accused offers the evidence. 

A case may arise in which the Fiscal does not make any accusation, but the 
party injured by the crime makes the accusation, in the capacity of a private 
accuser. In this latter case the decision also rests with the court, after the 
holding of an oral trial, because the Law of Procedure provides for the holding 
of the trial whenever there is a lawful p£4rty ready to maintain the charge. 



112 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE. 



The penalties which tlie court may impose, in accordance with the Penal 
Code in force, arc as follows: 

Corporal penalties — Death; cadena perpetua; reclusion perpetua; relegaci6n 
perpetua; perpetual expulsion; cadena temporal; reclusion temporal; 
relegaci6n temporal; temporary expulsion; presidio mayor; prisi6n mayor; 
confinamicnto; perpetual absolute dis(jualification; perpetual special dis- 
qualification; and temporary special disqualification. 

The disqualification in the last two cases includes suspension from public 
office, right of active and passive suffrage, and profession or trade. 

Correctional penalties — Presidio correccional; prisi6n correccional; banish- 
ment; public censure; suspension from public office, right of active and 
passive suffrage, and profession or trade; arresto mayor, and arresto menor. 

The time that these penalties are in force varies, and the penalties them- 
selves are divided into three degrees; minimum, medium, and maximum, 
which degrees are subdivided in like manner, according to the attenuating or 
aggravating circumstances attendant upon the commission of the crime. 

EXECUTION OF DEATH PENALTY. 

The penalty of death is executed by means of the instrument known as the 
"garrote." The execution takes place upon a board platform within the walls 
of the jail, in the day time, w-ithin twenty-four hours after notice of the sentence 
is given; it is held privately and in the presence of those persons who are 
required to be present and those who are authorized to witness it by the 
president of the court. The body of the felon remains exposed upon the 
gallows for four hours, and is then handed over to his relatives for burial, if 
they request it, and the burial must take place without any pomp. The death 
penalty will not be executed upon a woman who is pregnant, and she will not 
be notified of her sentence until forty days have elapsed after her delivery. 

CADENA PERPETUA AND TEMPORAL. 

These penalties, as well as those of perpetual reclusion, rclegaeidn, and 
expulsion, arc remitted at the end of thirty years, unless during the period of 
their imprisonment the prisoners, in the judgment of the government, have 
made themselves unworthy of this act of grace. The sentence is carried out 
in the Penitentiary of the Republic according to the regulations thereof, and, 
with the approval of the Audiencia, two months are deducted for each year 
in the case of convicts whose conduct is good. 

The provision stipulating that a chain attached to the foot and suspended 
from the belt should be carried by those sentenced to cadciia, whether per- 
petual or temporal, was abolished by the Decree of August 25, 1S98, of the 
Secretary of Grace, Justice, and Government. 

The convicts are put to work, for the benefit of the State, upon work of 
public utility, either inside or outside the institution, if they are under the age 
of fifty-five, and are not prevented by sickness or other cause. 



PENALTIES. 113 



relegaci6n pehpetua and temporal. 

These penalties, which were executed outside the islands of Cuba and 
Porto Rico, are now inapplicable. 

reclusi6n perpetua and temporal, and presidio. 

With regard to the execution of these penalties, the same legal provisions 
are now applicable to the persons sentenced thereto as those previously cited 
with reference to the penalties of cadena, with the exception of the differences 
prescribed by the penitentiary regulations. This Code stipulates that the 
proceeds of convict labor shall be used: 1. To pay the civil liability growing 
out of the crinie; 2. To indemnify the institution for the expenses which the 
prisoners occasion; and 3. To provide the prisoners with savings and create 
a reserve fund to be delivered to them at the time of their discharge or to be 
delivered to their heirs if they should die before the time of their discharge. 
In practice, it is very seldom that the proceeds of convict labor are applied for 
the first of the purposes specified. 

PRISION MAYOR AND CORRECCIONAL. 

These penalties are carried out in the Penitentiary of the Republic and 
consist principally in the depiivation of liberty, since the convicts are allowed 
to engage, for their own benefit, in such work of their chtjice as may be com- 
patible with the regulation discipline. They are, nevertheless subject to the 
\^ork of the institution for the first two purposes stated in the preceding 
paragraph. 

CONFINAMIENTO. 

This penalty, which was formerly executed in Isle of Pines, is not now 
applied. 

ARRESTO MAYOR. 

This penalty is carried out in the jails and consists, like pri-v'dn mayor and 
correctional imprisonment, in the deprivation of liberty, but only for a period 
lasting from a month and a day to six months. 

ARRESTO MENOR. 

The correctional judges have power to impose this penalty for a number of 
days, which are served in the city jails, or in those institutions which are used 
for that purpose. 

JUDICIAL CRIMINAL STATISTICS. 

The Department of Justice has furnished the following summary showing 
the nmnber and the character of the offences recorded in the courts of each 
province during the year which terminated June 30, 1907. 



114 



CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE. 



Total 

Apainst the constitution 

Asaiiisl the public peace 

Falsi ticatlon 

Against the public health 

Gambling and ralHing 

Wrongful acts of public em- 
ployees in the exercise of 
their duties 

Against persons 

Against chastity 

Against honor 

Against the civil condition of 
persons 

Against liberty and safety 

Against property 

Miscellaneous offences 

Cases not covered by the Penal 
Code 



Total. 



12,601 



33 
358 
249 

39 
1 



316 

1,969 

1,527 

45 

8 

237 

6,682 

211 

926 



Habana. 



^,994 

14 

126 

94 

17 

1 



120 

567 

357 

27 

5 

90 

2,143 

106 

337 



Matan- 
zas. 



1,519 



20 
251 
121 



22 

936 

22 

100 



Santa 
Clara. 



2,957 



11 

84 

48 

6 



80 

435 

346 

8 

1 

53 

1,723 

44 

118 



Oriente. 



Penar 
del Rfo. 



Cama- 
gOey. 



2.485 


960 


3 


3 


82 


20 


68 


13 


7 


1 


54 


18 


410 


168 


482 


149 


6 


1 


1 




35 


18 


1,107 


434 


16 


12 


214 


123 



686 



19 

13 

3 



24 

148 

72 

3 

1 

19 

339 

11 

34 



PRISONS, ASYLUMS, AND HOSPITALS. 



PRISONERS CONFINED IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS, 

Reports were received from 30 penal institutions, in which 3,898 prisoners 
were confined on September 30, 1907. The numbers of such institutions and 
of persons under confinement in each province on the given date were as 
follows: 



PROVINCE. 



Number of 
prisoners. 




3,898 



Total 

Pinar del Rio 

Habana 

Matanzas. . . 
Santa Clara. . 
Camagtley. . . 
Oriente 



This classification by provinces has, however, no significance as to the 
distribution of crime throughout the island, inasmuch as many criminals are 
confined in the presidio, in Habana, for crimes committed in other provinces. 

The total number of prisoners is 1.9 in each 1,000 of the population, or 50 
per cent more than the corresponding ratio for the United States, and two 
and one-half times that for the Philippines in 1903. 

As is elsewhere the case, males are overwhelmingly in the majority among 
the delinquent classes. Of the prisoners, 3,722 were males and 176 were 
females, the proportion being 95.5 and 4.5 per cent, respectively. 

The following table gives the number and percentage of prisoners of 
different races, or colors: 



COLOH. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


/— 

Total 


3,898 


100.0 








White ... 


1,934 

1.156 

781 

27 


49.6 


Black 


29.7 




20.0 


Yellow 


0.7 







The proportion of white criminals is much less than the proportion of wliites 
in the total population, and the proportion of the black and mestizo prisoners 
is much greater than the proportion of these races in the total population. 

'The data regarding prisoners under confinement, the sick and insane in hospitals, 
and inmates of asylimis, have been obtained through the courtesy of Col. E. St. J. 
Greble, Adviser to the Department of Government. The figures, in all cases, relate 
to the date September 30, 1907. 

(115) 



116 PRISONS, ASYLUMS, AND HOSPITALS. 



ASYLUMS FOR ORPHANS, FOUNDLINGS, AND AGED PEOPLE. 

Eleven asylums of various sorts, for orphans, foundlings, aged people, etc., 
were reported, four of the institutions being in the province of Habana, four 
in Matanzas, one in Camagiiey, and two in Oriente. 

The largest institution, the Casa de Bcnoficencia y Maternidad in the city 
of Habana, contained more inmates than all of the others combined. 

The total number of inmates in these asylums on September 30, 1907, was 
1,595, of which 805 were males, and 790 females. The classification by color 
shows 1,155 whites, 232 blacks, 151 mestizos, and 57 yellow, or Chinese. The 
proportion of blacks in these asylums is below the proportion of blacks in the 
population, and that of mestizos is far below their proportion. 

The classification of the inmates, by ages, is as follows: Under 1 year, 32; 
1 to 4 years, 131; 5 to 9 years, 289; 10 to 14 years, 364; 15 to 24 years, 202; 
25 to 34 years, 35; 35 to 44 years, 51; 45 to 54 years, 64; 55 to 64 years, 90; 
65 years and over, 333; and unknown, 4, making a total of 1,595 inmates. 

Of those shown as 65 years of age and over, no fewer than 60 were reported 
as 90 years of age and over, and of these, 19 were said to be 100 or more. 
Indeed, such extreme ages as 108, 110, 114, and 115, were reported. It is 
extremely improbable, however, that the correct ages were stated in these 
cases. 

As to birthplace, 1,296, or 81 per cent, were born in Cuba; 142, or 9 per 
cent, in Spain; 66 in Africa (all negroes and formerly slaves); and 64 in 
China, the few remaining being widely scattered or of unknown birthplace. 
Yexy few indeed were born in other islands of the West Indies, or in Central 
or South America. 

The occupations of 1,007, or two-thirds of the total number, were unknown. 
Of the remaining 588, 142 were reported as at school, 95 as at home, and 71 
as beggers, all of these classes being dependents. The others were scattered 
over a long list of occupations. 

Elementary education, as indicated by ability to read, was possessed by 972 
inmates, while 472 were unable to read, and the condition of 151 was unknown. 
Since most of these institutions maintain schools for the instruction of the 
young, most of those between the ages of 5 and 24 years (96 per cent) are able 
to read. Of those of greater age, the proportion is much smaller, being only 
20 per cent. 

HOSPITALS. 

The reports show that there were in Cuba, on September 30, 1907, 56 
hospitals with a total of 5,906 patients. One hospital was for the insane and 
cared for 1,782 insane patients. In the 55 hospitals in which the non-insane 
sick are cared for, there were 4,124 patients, or one-fifth of one per cent of 
the population. 

The discussion which follows relates only to the non-insane sick in 55 of the 
56 hospitals. The following table gives the number of these hospitals and of 
the patients therein, in each province: / 



THE INSANE. 



117 



PROVINCE. 


Number of 
hospitals. 


Number of 
inmates. 


Total 


55 


4,124 








Pinar del Rfo 


3 
13 

6 
15 

4 
14 


125 




2,048 


Matanzas . . . 


381 


Santa Clara 


776 


Camagdey 


202 


Oriente 


592 







The large number in Habana province, amounting to very nearly one-half 
of all patients, is significant only as it illustrates the provision for the sick 
existing in that province and mainly in the city of Habana. Of the 2,048 
patients in hospitals of Habana province, 1,961 were in those of the city of 
Habana. 

Of the 4,124 patients, no fewer than 3,195, or 77.5 per cent, were males, 
and only 929, or 22.5 per cent, were females. This is due, in part, to the fact 
that the great proportion of the sick in hospitals are of foreign birth, a class 
composed mainly of the male sex. Moreover, among those of Cuban birth, 
the practice of sending the sick to the hospital is less prevalent in the case of 
women than in the case of men. 

Nearly all of the patients are adults, only 162, or less than 4 per cent, being 
below the age of 15. This is due, in part, to the large proportion of foreign 
born in hospitals, and in part to the manifest disposition to treat sick children 
at home. 

The proportion of whites is greater and that of the colored, including blacks 
and mestizos, is less than the corresponding proportions in the population, 
while the proportion of the yellow race is far greater. Practically all of the 
individuals in this last class are of foreign birth and are in Cuba without their 
families; hence, when sickness overtakes them, they go, of necessity, to the 
hospital. The same is true, though in smaller measure, of the whites among 
the foreign born. 

THE INSANE. 

There is only one hospital for the insane in Cuba, but that is a very large 
one, located at Santiago de las Vegas, in Habana province. On September 30, 
1907, this contained 1,782 patients, classified as 982 males and 800 females, 
the excess of males being due to the excess of males among the foreign born. 

The following table classifies the insane by sex and by color: 



COLOR. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total 


1.782 


982 


800 






White 


1.001 

491 

251 

39 


596 

218 

129 

39 


405 


Black 


273 


Mestizo 


122 


Yellow 









118 PRISONS, ASYLUMS, AND HOSPITALS. 



The proportion of colored in the hospital for the insane is much greater 
than their corresponding proportions in the population; that is, while the 
colored form about one-third of the population, they form not less than 44 
per cent of the inmates of this asylum. Since it i.s probable that the pro- 
portion of colored insane in confinement is smaller than the corresponding 
proportion of white insane, it follows that insanity is much more preva- 
lent among the colored than among the whites. 

It will also be noted that in the case of the whites, males outnumber females 
in the proportion of 60 to 40, while in the case of the blacks, females outnumber 
the males in the proportion of 50 to 44. In the case of the mestizos, the 
numbers are about equal. In the case of the Chinese, there are no females, 
this condition being due, of course, to the fact that there are practically no 
Chinese women in the island. 

Very few of the insane confined in the asylum were below the age of 15 
years. For all ages under 65 years, the number of males is greater than that 
of females. 

Of the whole number whose country of birth is known, 82 per cent were 
born in Cuba and 18 per cent were born abroad, mainly in Spain. The 
proportion of insane born abroad is greater than the corresponding proportion 
of the population. Among Cubans, the number of males is very nearly equal 
to the number of females, but of the foreign born, the excess of males is great, 
212 to 01, being doubtless due to the excess of males among the foreign born 
population in the island. 

Of those concerning whom information was obtained, 41 per cent were able 
to read. The proportion for the males was 46 per cent, while that for the 
females was only 36 per cent. 



TRANSPORTATION BY RAILROADS AND 
STEAMSHIP LINES. 



RAILROADS. 

Cuba was the second country in America to operate a steam road, being in 
this respect eleven years in advance of the mother country, Spain. 

The first Cuban railroad was opened to traflSc on November 19, 1837. It 
was built under the auspices of the Junta de fomento de la Habana (improve- 
ment board of Habana) and was known as the Carainos de Hierro de la 
Habana (Railroads of Habana). This road was about 45 miles in length and 
connected the capital with the town of Giiines. 

After it had been in operation for four years it was sold by the Government 
to a corporation, and this fact served to encourage the building of railroads 
by other corporations. 

The spirit of enterprise being thus stimulated, the first sections of the 
principal lines now in operation were soon constructed, and these furnished 
outlets for agricultural products to the most important ports of the island. 
On September 1, 1908, the total distance covered by the railroad lines of Cuba 
was 2,329.8 miles. The following statement, furnished by Hon. J. Charles 
Hernandez, Director General of Communications, of Cuba, shows the 
various railroads with the length and termini of each branch: 

Termini and length of each railroad: 1908. 



LINE AND TERMINI. MileS. 



Aggregate. 



2,329.8 



United Railwa5's of Haliana: 

Total I 1.056.0 

I 

Habana to Col6n 125.0 

Habana to Santa Clara 183.9 

Habana to Guanajay 35.5 

Habana to Alaeranes 80.8 

Habana to Matanzas 54 . 1 

Regla to Santa Clara 175.4 

San J'elipe to Batabanfi 9.2 

Madruga to G (lines , 17.2 

Madruga to Eini'alme 21.0 

Concha to Marianao 6.2 

Matanzas to Union de Reyes 21 .5 

Cirdenas to Murga .'16. 

Cardenas to Jovellanos 16.8 

CS,rdenas to Yaguarainas 80.7 

Los Arabos to Altaniisal 20 . 

Maximo Gomez to Itabo 13.5 

Regla to Giianabacoa 3.1 

GOines to Cardenas 114.5 

Esles to Guareiras 21.6 

i 

(HO) 



120 TRANSPORTATION BY RAILROADS AND STEAMSHIPS. 



Termini and length of each railroad: 1908 — Continued. 



LINB AND TXaiUNI. 



Tunas and Sancti-Splritus Railroad: 

Sanctl-Splritus to Tunas de Zaza 

Rodas and Cartagena Railroad: 

Rodas to Cartagena 

JuraguA Railroad: 

Jaragud to Horquita, via Estrecha 

Cuban Central Railroad Company: 

Total 

Cienfuegos to Sagua 

Santa Clara to Cienfiiegos 

Santa Clara to A. Pasajeros 

Placetas to I. de Sagua 

Cail)ari6n to CamajuanI 

CaibariSn to Placetas, via Estreclia 

Sagua la Grande to Caguaguas, via Estrecha 

Isia de Sagua to Santo Domingo 

Ranctiuelo to San Juan Yeras 

Gibara and Holgufn Railroad: 

Total 

Chaparra to Holguin 

Gibara to Iberia 

The Cuba Railroad Company: 

Total 

Santiago de Cuba to Santa Clara 

San Luis to La Maya 

Antilla to Alto Cedro 

Holguin to Cacocurn 

Sancti-Spiritus to Zaza del Medio 

The Western Railway of Habana, limited: 

Total 

Habana to San Juan y Martinez 

San Juan y Martinez to Guane 

Nue\itas and CamagUey Railroad: 

Camagiiey to N uevitas 

The Cuba Eastern Railroad Company: 

Total 

San Luis to GuantSnamo 

Guantdnamo to Boquer6n 

Guantiinamo Railroad: 

Total 

Guantflnamo to Caimanera 

Guantiinamo to Jamaica 

JQcaro and Mordn Railroad: 

MorOn to Jucaro por Ciego de Avila 

Habana Central Railroad Company: 

Total 

Habana Arsenal to Guanajay Electrlco 

Habana Arsenal to GUines Electrico 



STEAMSHIP LINES. 



121 



COASTWISE STEAMSHIP LINES. 



Several lines of coastwise steamships ply regularly between various Cuban 
ports, carrying mail, passengers, and freight; the following list shows the 
termini of these lines: 



Sobrinos de Herrera Line 

Julian Alonso Line 

Bullond Company 

La Gloria Company 

N.Trujillo 

North American Sugar Co 

Vuelta Abajo S. S. Co 

Jose Muiliz 

Jose Muniz 

Isle of Pines S.S. Co 

C. J. Trujillo 

C.J.Trujillo 

C.J. Trujillo 

N. de Castafio 

N. de Castafio 

Miguel Pairet 

Francisco Sotos 



Termini. 



Habana and Santiago de Cuba. 
Habana and La F6, Pinar del Rio. 
Cienfuegos and Rodas. 
N ue vitas and La Gloria. 
Cienfuegos and Castillo de Jagua. 
Caibari^n and Yaguajay. 
Bataband and Isla de Finos. 
Manzanillo and Cauto. 
Manzanilloand Niquero. 
Batabanoand Islade Pinos. 
Habana and Santiago de Cuba. 
Habana and Manzanillo. 
Cienfuegos and Jucaro. 
Habana and Manzanillo. 
Cienfuegos and Tunas de Zaza. 
Orozco and Cabafias. 
Antillas and Mayari. 



STEAMSHIP COMMUNICATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

Habana is one of the termini in the case of the following steamship lines 
connecting the ports of Cuba with those of foreign countries: 



LINE. 


Foreign terminus. 


Campaflia Transatl^ntica Espafiola 


Barcelona, Spain. 
Bilboa, Spain. 
Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

Porto Rico. 


Herrera Steamship Line 


Munson Steamship Company 


Mobile Ala 


New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company 


New York, N. Y. 


North German Lloyd Company 




Peninsular and Occidental Steamship Company 


Knights Key.Fla. 


Southern Pacific Steamship Company . . ; 


Tampa, Fla. 
New Orleans, La. 


West Indian Company (Limited) 






Progreso, Me.xico. 



The following lines have steamers stopping at Habana on the way from one 
port to another: 



LINE. 


Termini. 


Compaflla Transatirmtica Francesa 


Spain, France, and Mexico. 
Hamburg, Germany, and Mexico. 




New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company 


Royal English Mail 


Canary Islands and Me.\ico. 





In addition to the steamships of the regular lines enumerated, the ports of 
Cuba are frequently visited by tramp steamers or sailing vessels, which come 
from and depart for the principal ports of Europe and America. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



The history of education in Cuba under the Spanish government will be 
found in the report on the census of Cuba of 1899, and in a report on the 
subject made by ISIr. R. L. Packard to the United States Commissioner of 
Education and published in the Report of the Bureau of Education for 1897-8. 

The present public school system was instituted by the American Military 
Governor during the first intervention by the United States in 1900. 

In 1900, the number of teachers and of school rooms was 3,507. The 
number of enrolled pupils in the last month of that year was 172,273 and the 
average attendance for the year was 123,362. 

The figures presented in the following pages are taken from a report by Dr. 
Lincoln Zayas, Director of Public Instruction, and relate to December, 1906. 

The total number of schoolhouses was 2,149; of these, 1,809 were rented 
buildings, and 246 were owned by the government or by individuals who 
allowed them to be used free of rent, while the status of the remainder is 
unknown. The total number of school rooms was 3,566. The average rent 
paid per house was $16.79, and per room, S10.42. 

The total number of teachers was 3,649, of whom 3,437 were white and 
only 212 were colored. The number of women largely exceeded the number 
of men, there being only 1,286 of the latter to 2,363 of the former, or nearly 
twice as many. They were grouped by ages as follows: 



AGE GROUP. 



Total 

Under 20 years. . . 
20 to 29 years .... 

30 to 39 years 

40 to 49 years .... 
60 years and over. 



Number of 
teachers. 



3,649 



690 
1.751 
718 
332 
158 



Nearly one-half of the teachers were between the ages of 20 and 29 and two- 
thirds were under 30. 

The total number of pupils registered was 122,214. This is 4 per cent of the 
total population and is 36 per cent of the number of children of school age, 
as determined by the school census of 1906, which showed 336,524 persons 
between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Of the total number of pupils, 66,322 
were males and 55,892 were females, the excess of males being 10,430. As 
to color, 82,164 were white and 40,050 colored, the proportions of the two 

(122) 



AGE AND GRADE OF PUPILS. 



123 



races in the schools being very nearly the same as the corresponding pro- 
portions in the population. 

The average daily attendance was 96,301, or 78.8 per cent of the number 
registered. This proportion is very high, comparing favorably ^nth that for 
the United States (70 per cent). 

There is very little difference in the daily attendance of the males and the 
females or of the whites and the colored. 

The following is a classification of the registered pupils by age: 



Number of 
pupils. 



Total 

Less than 6 years 

6 years 

7 years 

8 years 

9 years 

10 years 

11 years 

12 years 

13 years - 

14 years 

15 years and over 



122,214 



1,710 
14,438 
12,060 
10,392 
10,820 
15,102 
15,630 
17,299 
13.566 
7,456 
3,741 



The following table gives the number in each school grade: 



Number of 
pupils. 



Total. 

Kindergarten 

First grade . . 
Second grade 
Third grade. . 
Fourth grade . 
Fifth grade . . 



122,214 



1,702 
74,174 
30,095 
12,821 

2,835 
587 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



For many years records of births, deaths, and marriages have been made in 
nearly every part of the island, and since the first American intervention these 
registrations have been extended throughout the republic. Information 
relative to deaths is sent to the local judges, who in turn send it to the Central 
Board of Health; in addition the head physician makes a statement in each 
case. Inasmuch as the law prohibits the granting of a burial license unless 
the death is properly reported, the health authorities believe that a complete 
registration of deaths is obtained. 

The following table shows the approximate population, the number of 
deaths, and the death rate per 1,000, by years, from 1900 to 1906. The 
estimate of population has been made by adding to the number of inhabitants 
in 1899 one-eighth of the increase shown by the census of 1907, for each year 
that has elapsed since 1899. 



TBAB. 


Population. 


Number of 
deaths. 


Number of 
deaths per 

1,000 of 
population. 


1900 


1.630.000 
1.690.000 
1,750,000 
1.810.000 
1.870,000 
1,930,000 
1,990.000 


28.779 
27.754 
25,512 
23,982 
25,198 
27,345 
30,021 


17.7 


1901 


16.4 


1902 


14.6 


1903 : 


13.3 


1904 


13.5 


1905 


14.2 


1906 


15.1 







It is evident that the rates are too small, and even the fact that the sanitary 
condition of the whole island is satisfactory and yellow fever and smallpox 
have been wiped out, does not afford an adequate explanation. In Porto 
Rico, for instance, where sanitary conditions are equally satisfactory, and in 
Spain, the death rates are higher. The United States, which has a more 
vigorous and long-lived population, has a higher death rate than that reported 
for Cuba. 

The death rate for the island decreased from 1900 to 1903, in which year it 
reached the minimum of 13.3 per 1,000; it then increased until 190G. 

The following table shows the number of deaths and the death rates in each 
province, by years, from 1900 to 1906: 

(124) 



DEATH RATES. 



125 



YEAR. 


Habana. 


Matanzas. 


Pinar del 
Rio. 


Cama- 
gttey. 


Santa 
Clara. 


Oriente. 




NUMBER OF DEATHS. 


1900 


9,970 
9,710 
9,035 
8,620 
9,029 
6,513 
10,030 


4,409 
3,890 
3,757 
3,449 
3,637 
4,057 
4,221 


2,895 
2,850 
2,557 
2,280 
2,557 
2,701 
2,800 


1,072 
1,198 
1,148 
1,051 
1,046 
1,238 
1,332 


6,487 
6,188 
5,271 
6,092 
6,429 
5,705 
6,670 


3,946 


1901 


3,918 


1902 


3,743 


1903 


3,490 


1904 


3,501 


1905 


4,131 


1906 


4,968 








NUMBER OP DEATHS PER 1,000 OF POPULATION. 


1900 


22.7 
21.4 
19.3 
17.9 
18.2 
18.7 
19.2 


21.3 
18.3 
17.3 
15.6 
16.3 
17.6 
18.0 


16.0 
15.0 
12.9 
11.0 
11.9 
12.1 
12.1 


11.7 
12.6 
11.6 
10.2 
9.8 
11.3 
11.9 


17.6 
16.2 
13.3 
12.6 
12.9 
13.2 
16.0 


11.5 


1901 


10.9 


1902 


10.0 


1903 


8.9 


1904 


8.6 


1905 


9.8 


1906 


11.3 







From these figures it appears that in certain provinces there has been a 
failure to report properly a considerable number of deaths. It is probable 
that such omissions were more frequent among the lower than among the 
upper classes and in the case of young children than in the case of adults, and 
more numerous in rural districts than in cities. 

The rates differ greatly in the different provinces, as shown by the following 
statement, which gives for each province the average death rate for the 7 
years from 1900 to 1906: 



PROVINCE. 


Num- 
ber of 
deaths 

per 
1,000 of 
popula- 
tion. 


PROVINCE. 


Num- 
ber of 
deaths 

per 
1,000 of 
popula- 
tion. 


Habana 


19.6 
17.6 
14.4 


Pinar del RIo 


13.0 


Matanzas 


Camagtley 


11 3 


Santa Clara 


Oriente 


10.1 









According to the reports of the municipalities for 1906, Santiago de las 
Vegas, province of Habana, had the highest death rate, 39 per 1,000 of 
population, and Santa Cruz del Sur, province of Camaguey, the lowest, 3 per 
1,000. For the city of Habana, the death rate was 20; for Cienfuegos, 18; 
for Matanzas, 17; and for Santiago de Cuba, 21. In 8 of the municipalities 
the proportion of deaths exceeded 20 per 1,000 of population; in 21 the rate 
fluctuated between 15 and 19; in 37 the rate fluctuated between 10 and 14; 
and in 16 the rate did not reach 10 per 1,000. 



126 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



The following table of death rates, by ages, has been prepared on the basis 
of the population enumerated in the census of 1907, and of the number of 
deaths registered in 1906: 



AGE GROUP. 



Less than 1 year. 

1 to 4 years . . . 

5 to 19 years. . . . 
20 to 39 years. . . 
40 to 59 years . . . 
60 years and over 



Number of 
deaths. 



8,651 
4,018 
2,073 
5,158 
4,781 
5,340 



N umber of 
deaths per 

1.000 of 
population. 



133.9 

14.5 

3.2 

7.7 

16.0 

56.6 



The following table gives the number of deaths among the white and the 
colored, and also the proportion of the total number of deaths for each class : 





NUMBER OF DEATHS. 


PEH CENT OF TOTAI,. 




White. 


Colored. 


White. 


Colored. 


1900 


18,923 
18.243 
16.823 
15 618 


9,856 
9,511 
8,689 

S Sfid 


65.8 
65.7 
65.9 
65.1 
64.7 
65.0 
64.9 


34 2 


1901 


34 3 


1902 


34 1 


1903 


34 9 


1904 


16,304 8,894 
17,761 9,584 
19,488 in M.^ 


35 3 


1905 


35 


1906 


35 1 











The following table shows the deaths of the white and colored in each 
province in 1906, together with the proportion of the total number of deaths 
for each element: 





NUMBER OF DEATHS. 


PER CENT 


OF TOTAL. 




White. 


Colored. 


White. 


Colored. 


Total 


19,488 


10,533 


64.9 


36 1 






Pinar del Rfo 


1,897 
7,213 
2,400 
4,401 
1,049 
2.528 


903 
2,817 
1,821 
2,269 

283 
2,440 


67.7 
71.9 
.56.9 
66.0 
78.8 
50.9 


32 2 


Habana 


28.1 


Matan/as 


43 1 


Santa Clara 


34 


CainagUey 


21 2 


Oriente 


49 1 







The number and percentage of deaths from the principal diseases were as 
follows in 1906: 



CAUSES OF DEATH. 



127 



CAUSE OF DEATH 



Diarrhea and enteritis 

Tuberculosis of the lungs 

Organic diseases of the heart 

Congenital debility 

Bright's disease 

Tetanus 

Diseases of arteries 

Malaria 

Acute bronchitis 

Other accidental traumatisms 

Simple meningitis 

Cancer 

Congestion and hemorrhage of the brain 

Bronchopneumonia 

Senile debility 

Pneumonia 

Cirrhosis of Uver 

Diseases of stomach 

Suicide 

Typhoid lever 

Congenital malformation 

Convulsions 

Hernia 

Diphtheria and croup 

Puerperal septicemia 

Influenza 

Chronic bronchitis 

Abdominal tuberculosis 

Whooping cough 

Angina pectoris 

Congestion and apoplexy of lungs 

Tuberculous meningitis 

Anemia 

Diseases of bones 



DEATHS IN CUBA. 



Number. 



4,944 

3,560 

1,797 

1,427 

1,425 

1,207 

1,182 

1,147 

1,078 

1,052 

931 

819 

763 

737 

584 

397 

311 

299 

273 

264 

224 

223 

212 

201 

191 

176 

161 

160 

159 

146 

137 

120 

115 

110 



Per cent of 
total number. 



0.5 
0.5 
0.5 
0.5 
0.5 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 



16.5 
11.9 
6.0 
4.7 
4.7 
4.0 
3.9 
3.8 
3.6 
3.5 
3.2 
2.7 
2.5 
2.5 
1.9 
1.3 
1.0 
1.0 
0.9 
0.9 



Per cent of 

total number 

of deaths 

in the 

United States. 



7.6 
9.9 
8.1 
2.1 
5.6 
0.2 
0.8 
0.2 
1.1 
1.1 
1.1 
4.4 
4.7 
2.4 
2.1 
6.9 
0.9 
1.4 
0.9 
2.0 
0.8 
1.1 
0.3 
1.6 
0.4 
0.7 
0.8 
0.4 
1.0 
0.4 
0.4 
0.6 
0.3 
0.2 



The following table shows for Cuba the number of deaths during 1906 and 
the proportion of the total number of deaths in each age group, as compared 
with the proportion of the total number of deaths in the same age groups in 
the United States: 



AGE GROUP. 



Less than 1 year. 

1 to 4 years . . . 

5 to 19 years. . . 
20 to 39 years. . . 
40 to 59 years. . . 
60 years and over 



DEATHS IN CUBA. 



Number. 



8,651 
4,018 
2,073 
5,158 
4,781 
5,340 



Per cent of 
total number. 



28.8 
13.4 
6.9 
17.2 
16.9 
17.8 



Per cent of 
total number 

of deaths 

in the 

United States. 



20.2 
8.2 
6.6 
17.4 
18.7 
28.6 



128 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



In the follow iiij.; table are presented the number of births and the birth 
rates, for the years from 1900 to 1906: 





YEAR. 


Number of 
births. 


Number of 

births per 

1 ,000 of 

population. 


1900 


43,003 
43,580 
47,091 
57,864 
58,363 
65,906 
55.963 


26.4 


1901 


25.8 


1902 . 


26.9 


1903 


32.0 


1904 


31.2 


1905 


34.1 


1906 


28.1 







The birth rate for Cuba is low, being less than that for the United States 
and less than the rates for many European countries. This is remarkable in 
view of the fact that the years represented followed a disastrous war. Ordi- 
narily, in such cases, the rate would be very high. The sudden falling off in 
the number of births in 1906 is also unaccountable unless it is assumed that 
registration has been incomplete. 

The number of births reported in 1906 is 10,000 less than the number of 
children under one year of age according to the census of 1907. If the probable 
number of deaths occurring in this age group during the year is added to the 
number of children in this age group, an approximate estimate of the number 
of births will be secured. The figure obtained in this way is 75,000, which 
shows that the omissions probably made were not much less than 19,000, and 
that the birth rate would therefore be 37 instead of 28. 

The following table shows the births among the white and colored and the 
proportion of the total for each class of the population: 





NUMBER OF BrRTHS. 


PER CENT OF TOTAL. 


Y£AK. 


White. 


Colored. 


White. 


Colored. 


1900 


31,474 
32,879 
35,688 
43,334 
44,248 
50,142 
43,467 


11,529 
10,707 
11,403 
14,530 
14,115 
15,764 
12,496 


73.2 
75.4 
75.8 
74.9 
75.8 
76.1 
77.7 


26.8 


1901 


24.6 


1902 


24.2 


1903 


25.1 


1904 


24.2 


1905 


23.9 


1906 


22.3 







The following table shows, for each province, the number of births in 1906, 
and the birth rate, on the basis of the population enumerated in the census of 
1907. 



CITY OF HABANA. 



129 



PROVINCE. 


Number of 
births. 


Number of 

birth.s per 

1,000 of 

population. 


Total - 


55,963 


27.3 








Plnar del Rio 


4,772 
13,728 

7,392 
14,465 

3,279 
12,327 


19.9 




25.5 




30.8 




31.6 




27.7 


Oriente 


27.1 







The excess of births over deaths in each province was as folloAvs: Pinar 
del Rfo, 1,972; Habana, 3,698; Matanzas, 3,171; Santa Clara, 7,795; Cama- 
giiey, 1,947: and Oriente, 7,359. 



VITAL STATISTICS OF HABANA. 



According to the census of 1899 the population of the city of Habana was 
242,055. In 1907 the city had 302,526 inhabitants, 50.2 per cent of whom 
were native white, 24.5 per cent foreign white, and 25.3 per cent negroes. 

The registers of deaths occurring in the city of Habana have been published 
since 1820 and appear to be reasonably complete, at least so far as the whites 
are concerned. Following is a statement of the annual average death rate 
per 1,000 inhabitants, by decades, based on these records: 

1820 to 1829 43 

1830 to 1839 50 

1840 to 1849 28 

1850 to 1859 31 

1860 to 1869 43 

1870 to 1879 47 

1880 to 1889 34 

1890 to 1899 45 

1900 to 1906 22 

The violent fluctuations in the death rates are characteristic of a city which 
has been subject to epidemics. The average death rate of the city while under 
Spanish rule was 40 per 1,000 inhabitants, whereas after the American inter- 
vention it declined to 22 per 1,000. Exclusive of the destruction caused by 
yellow fever and smallpox, the average death rate from 1870 to 1899 was 36 
per 1,000. It is evident, therefore, that the sanitary improvements introduced 
by the Americans not only wiped out yellow fever and smallpox, but also 
caused the death rates from other causes to decline. 

The total number of deaths registered in 1906 was 6,144, which shows a 
<leath rate of 20.3 per 1,000. The principal diseases were the following: 



130 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



Pulmonary phthisis, which caused 19 per cent of all deaths; dysentery, which 
caused 9 per cent; cardiac diseases, 8 per cent; diseases of the arteries, 9 per 
cent; nieninijitis, 4 per cent; and pneumonia, 4 por cent. 

Between the years 1S70 and 1899, 21,448 deaths from yellow fever occurred. 
The annual average death rate from this disease in the 30 years was 4 per 
1 ,000. From October, 1901 , until October, 1905, there was not a single case of 
yellow fever in Habaiui nor in the rest of the island. In the autumn of 1905, 
however, this disease reappeared. Following are the statistics of yellow fever 
since 1905: 



= .- ..: J-; 


CITY OF HABANA. 


CUBA, NOT INCLUDINa 
THE CITY OF HABANA. 




Number of 
cases. 


Number of 
deaths. 


Number of 
cases. 


Number of 
deaths. 


1905 


70 

71 


22 
12 


7 
41 
54 




1900 


21 


1907' 


11 











> From January 1 to August 28. 

From 1870 to 1899 smallpox caused 12,722 deaths in Habana. The average 
Kdcath rate from this cause during the 30 years was 2 per 1,000 inhabitants. 
Since 1900, as a result of the sanitary measures taken by the American 
authorities, only one death has been caused by this disease. 

The death rate of the whites from all diseases was 19.3 per 1 ,000 inhabitants, 
and that of the negroes, 23.3 per 1,000. It is probable that the registration 
of the deaths of negroes in Habana is incomplete. 

The following table shows the proportion of deaths in each age group, by 
color: 



AGE GROUP. 



PER CENT OF NUMBER OF DEATHS. 



Less than 1 year 

1 to 4 years 

5 to 1 4 years I 

15 to 44 years ' 

45 years and over I 



White. 


Colored. 




21 


20 




11 


11 




4 


3 




32 


37 




32 


29 



The number of births registered in 190G in Habana w'as 5,744, the number 
of deaths being greater by 400. The birth rate was 19, which is very small, 
even for a populous city, and leads one to doubt the accuracy of the register. 
Of the total number of births, 4,222 were -whites, the birth rate being 18.7 
per 1,000 inhabitants, and 1,522 were colored, the birth rate being 19.9 per 
1.000. 



POPULATION. 



THE TOTAL POPULATION. 

The total population of Cuba, including the Isle of Pines and other smaller 
islands, was on September 30, 1907, 2,048,980. 

The following table presents the results of the most authentic prior censuses, 
with the numerical increase from one to another and the percentage of increase 
per decade. Since the intervals between censuses has been irregular, the 
rates of increase have been reduced to those of ten-year periods in order to 
make direct comparison one with another. 



YEAR. 


Population. 


Increase. 


Per cent of 

increase 
per decade. 


1774 


171,620 

272,300 

572,363 

704,487 

1,007,624 

1,396,530 

1,509,291 

1,631,687 

1,572,797 

2,048,980 






1792 

1817 

1827 

1841 

1861 

1877 

1887 

1899 

1907 


166,680 
300,063 
132,124 
303,137 
388,906 
112,761 
122,396 
"58,890 
476,183 


31 
34 
23 
29 
18 
5 
8 
»3 
39 







1 Decrease. 



The rates of increase between 1774 and 1841 compare quite favorably 
with the rates of increase in the United States, which prior to 1870 ranged 
from 32 to 35 per cent per decade. Such rates of increase are very large 
and are commonly found only for sparsely populated regions, where the 
population is under little or no pressure to obtain the means of livelihood. 
The great diminution in the rate of increase after 1861 is, however, by no 
means accounted for by the increase in density of population, and the reasons 
therefor must be sought among the extraordinary causes, such as pestilence, 
war, etc. The small rate of increase for the period from 1861 to 1887 was 
doubtless due in great part to the ten years' war which occurred within that 
period, while the absolute loss in population between 1887 and 1899 is attribu- 
table to the civil war and the reconcentration policy accompanying it, 
although the figures express only a part of the loss from this cause. Judging 
from the earlier history of the island and the excess of births over deaths, as 
shown by the registration records, however imperfect they may be, the popu- 
lation probably increased from 1887 up to the beginning of the war, reaching 
at that time a total of little less than 1,800,000. It is probable, therefore, that 

(131) 



132 



POPULATION. 



the direct and indirect losses by the war and the reconcentration policy, 
includinpj a decrease of births and immigration and an increase of deaths and 
emigration, reached a total not far from 200,000. 

Between 1899 and 1907, the population increased 30.3 per cent. This was 
at the rate of 39 per cent per decade, which is a very high rate, higher than 
any of the rates shown for the previous periods in Cuban history and hij:;her 
even than any rate in United States hi.story. It should not, however, be 
regarded as improbable, nor should its magnitude throw doubt upon the 
correctness of either the cen.sus of 1899 or that of 1907. When the census of 
1899 was taken the country had just cf)ncluilcd a most disastrous war of five 
years' duration; between 1899 and 1907 the island enjoyed eight years of great, 
almost unexampled, prosperity. Under such conditions, all history shows us 
that a country increases in population with great rapidity. 

The following table gives the population for each province in 1899 and in 
1907, with the actual and relative increase between the two years, and the 
proportion of the total population at the latter census: 





POPULATION. 


INCREASE. 


Per cent 
of total 




1899 


1907 


Number. 


Per cent. 


population, 
1907. 


Total 


1.572,797 


2,048,980 


476,183 


30.3 


100 






CamagUey 


88,234 
427,514 
202.444 
327,715 
170,354 
356,536 


118,269 
538,010 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457.431 


30.035 
110,496 

37,368 
127,371 

70,018 
100,895 


34.0 
25.8 
18.5 
38.9 
41.1 
28.3 


5 8 


Habana 


26 3 




11 7 




22 2 


Pinar del Rio 


11 7 


Santa Clara 


22 3 







The most populous province was Habana with more than one-fourth of 
the population of Cuba. Santa Clara and Oriente followed with very nearly 
equal populations. Matanzas and Pinar del Rio also contained very nearly 
the same number of inhabitants, although that number was Httle more than 
one-half the number in Oriente. CamagUey was the least populous province, 
with less than one-half the number of inhabitants in Matanzas. In the past 
eight years Oriente has nearly overtaken Santa Clara, and Pinar del Rio has 
passed Matanzas in population. 

In the rate of increase Pinar del Rfo exceeded all other provinces, its increase 
amounting to 41.1 per cent. Next to it was Oriente, with 38.9 per cent. 
Thus the extreme east and west provinces gained most rapidly. Matanzas, 
near the middle of the island, made the smallest gains. 

The following table gives the population by municipal districts in 1899 and 
in 1907, with the rate of increase during those eight years. Opposite the name 
of each district is given, for 1899, the population which was found at that 
time in the district as it existed in 1907, and in the last column of the table is 
a summary of the changes which have been made in each district in the inter- 
vening years. The names used in this column are those of districts, unless 
otherwise stated. In the province of Camagiiey, formerly Puerto Principe, 
there were no changes, except in the name of the province and of the district 




1. Pineapple. 

2. (hianabana. 

ii. Alligator Pear. 

4. Cocoanut. 

5. Custard Apple. 



NATIVK FRUITS. 

li. Mamey Colorado. 
7. Caimito. 
H. Niatnoncillo. 
«. Hanana. 
W. Sapadillo. 



11. Maranon. 

VZ. KiKS. 

13. Pawpaw. 

14. Pumpkin. 

15. Watermelon. 



POPULATION OF MUNICIPALITIES. 



133 



bearing the name of the province. In the province of Oriente, formerly 
Santiago, and in Santa Clara, the changes were few in number, but in the 
other three provinces they were numerous. The changes consisted almost 
entirely in the abolition of small districts and the addition of their territory 
to other neighboring districts. Thus the 132 municipal districts which were 
in existence in 1899 had been reduced to 82 by 1907. 

Population of municipalities in WCH and 1899 with rates of increase, dates of forma- 
tion, and changes between 1899 and 1907. 





Date 

of 
forma- 
tion. 


POPULATION. 




MUNICIPALITY. 


1899 


1907 


Per cent 

of 
increase. 


Change since 1899. 






CAMAGUE 


T. 


Camaguey 

Ciegode Avila 

Mor6n 


1514 
1877 
1870 
1860 
1871 


53.140 
9.801 
9,630 

10,355 
5,308 


66,460 
17,741 
13,898 
10,620 
9,650 


25.1 
81.0 
44.3 
2.6 
79.9 


Name changed from Puerto Principe. 


Nue vitas 

Santa Cruz del Sur 






HABANA. 


Aguacate 


1879 

1879 
1879 

1879 

1711 
1555 

1815 

1879 
1519 
1880 
1783 

1866 
1879 
1866 

1795 

1879 

1732 

1745 


4,025 

8,746 

10,293 

7,852 

11,472 
20,988 

23,722 

11.548 

253,418 

3,199 

8,000 

4,845 

12,803 

7,761 

17,244 
8,592 
2.730 

10.276 


7,305 
10,561 
15,434 

13,430 

15,655 
24,968 

32,216 

13,701 

302,526 

3,276 

12,067 

7,111 
18,156 
12,196 

20,447 

11,988 

3.915 

13,058 


81.5 
20.8 
49.9 

71.0 

36.5 
19.0 

35.8 

18.6 

19.4 

2.4 

50.8 

46.8 
41.8 
57.1 

18.6 

39.5 

43.4 

27.1 


Part of Bainoa added. 


Bataban(5 


San Felipe and San Antonio de las 

Vegas added. 
Guavabal, from Pinar del Rfo 


Bejucal 


province, added. 
Quivican and Salud added. 


Guanabacoa 

Gtlines 


Barrio Guanabo, from Jaruco, 

added. 
Catalina, Guara, Melena del Sur, 


GQira de Helena . . 


and San Nicolas added. 
Regla added. 


Isla de Pinos .... 
jaruco 


Barrio Guanabo excluded; Santa 


Madruga 

Marianao 

NuevaPaz 

San Antonio deles 


Cruz del Norte, Casiguas, and 

part of Bainoa added. 
Pipian added. 
El Cano added. 

Ceiba del Agua and Vereda Nueva 


San JosS de las 
Lajas 


added. 
Tapaste and Managua added. 


Santa Maria del 

Rosario 

Santiago de las 










MATANZA8. 


Alacranes 

Bolondr6n 

Cardenas 

Col<5n 


1862 

1879 
1860 

1858 

1898 
1866 
1879 
1694 

1879 
1879 


13.294 

9,580 

28,606 

43,816 

9,026 

9.116 

12,951 

55,620 

10.405 
10,030 


15,838 
12,377 
28.576 

52.006 

10.256 
17,024 
15,104 
64.385 

13,044 
11,202 


19.1 
29.2 
■0.1 

18.7 

13.6 
86.7 
16.6 
15.8 

25.4 
11.7 


Cabezas added. 

Mendez Capote and part of Carlos 

Rojas added. 
Macagua, San 3o^6 de los Ramos, 


Jagnev Grande. . . 

Jovellanos 

Marti 

Matanzas 

Pedro Betancourt 
Union de Reyes . . 


Palmitlas, Perico, part of Agra- 
monte, barrio Coliseo, from 
Guaniacaro, and Roque added. 

Part of Agraiuonte added. 

Part of Carlos Rojas added. 

Maximo Gomez added. 

Santa Ana. Canasf. and part of 
Guamaro added. 

Name cliangod from Macuriges. 

Sabanilla. except barrio Auras, add- 
ed. 



> Decrease. 



134 



POPULATION. 



Population of municipalitiea in 1907 and 1899 with rates of increase, dates of forma- 
tion, and changes bettoeen 1899 and 1907 — Continued. 



MUNK'IPAUTY. 



Alto Songo 

Baracoa 

Uayamo 

Ciiiii-y 

Cobre 

Gibara 

(itiantdnamo 

HolKiii'ii 

Ji^uaiif 

Man/.anillo 

Mayarf 

Palina Soriano. . . 

Puerto Padre 

Samia (le Tiiriamo 

Sail Kiii."^ 

Santiago de Cuba 



Arteraisa 

Cabanas 

ConsoIaci6n del 
Norte 

Con.solaci6n del 

Sur 

Guanajay 

Guane 

Mantua 

Pinardel Rro 

San Cristobal 

San Juan y .Marti- 
nez 

San Luis 

Vifiales 



Caibari^n 

Calabazar 

CamajuanI 

Cienfuegos 

Cruces 

Esperanza 

Palmira 

Placetas 

Quemado de 

GOines 

Rancho Veloz . . . . 
Ranchuelo 

Rodas 

Sagua la Grande. . 

San Antonio de las 
Vueltas 

Sancti-Spiritus. . . 

San Juan de los 
Remedios . . . . . 

Santa Clara 

Santa I.sabel de 

las Lajas 

Santo Domingo. . 



Date 

of 
forma- 
tion. 



POPULATION. 



1899 



1907 



Per cent 

of 
increase. 



Change since 1899. 



1879 


12,770 


20,553 


1512 


21,944 


27,852 


1514 


21,193 


26,511 


1629 


9,115 


16,215 


1558 


10,707 


14,715 


1823 


31,594 


39,343 


1860 


28,063 


43.300 


1751 


34,506 


50,224 


1740 


10,495 


13,325 


1833 


42,375 


54,900 


1878 


8.504 


17.628 


1899 


12,305 


20,235 


1898 


19.984 


34.061 


1879 


5,796 


8,398 


1898 


11,681 


14.212 


1514 


46,683 


53,614 



60.9 
26.9 
25.1 
77.9 

37.4 
24 5 
54.3 
45.6 
27.0 
29.6 
107.3 
64.5 
70.4 
44.9 
21.7 
14.8 



Cristo added; barrio Laguna ex- 
cluded. 



Campechuelo and Niquero added. 



Barrio Laguna, from Caney. added. 



FINAK DEL, rIo. 



1879 
1879 


9,317 
6,893 


1878 


7,613 


1866 


20,955 


1879 


12,427 



1879 
1866 
1860 
1858 

1879 
1879 
1879 



14,760 

4,625 

42.084 

11,585 

14,787 

7,608 

17,700 



14.719 
11,552 



11.471 



28,819 

15,336 
29,236 
11,041 
50,071 
20,388 

19,807 
11 , 092 
16.840 



58.0 
67.6 



50.7 



37.5 



23. 

98. 

138. 

19. 



76.0 

34.0 
45.8 
»4.9 



San Diego de Nuflez and Bahfa 
Honda, e.xcept barrios Mulata, 
Pozas, and Coralillo, added. 

Barrios Mulata, Pozas, and Coralillo, 
from Balila Hondo, added. 

San Diego de los Baflos and Julian 
Diaz added. 



Barrio Baja excluded. 

Barrio Baja, from Mantua, added. 

Candelaria and Palacios added. 



8.4 NTA CLARA. 



Trinidad . 
Yaguajay 



1879 
1879 
1878 
1829 
1879 
1879 


8,650 
13,698 
13,177 
59,128 

7,953 
12,515 


10,053 
16,979 
14.583 
70,416 
10,239 
18,183 


1879 
1879 


12.972 
11,961 


15,750 
16,682 


1879 
1879 
1878 


8,890 
14,486 
10,156 


11,309 
14.616 
12,537 


1879 


17.784 


22,083 


1842 


24.640 


26.937 


1878 
1514 


12.832 
25.709 


16,861 
36.572 


1514 


16.151 


21.573 


1690 


28,940 


46,620 


1879 
1879 


9,603 
13,302 


11,407 
20.776 


1514 
1879 


24.271 
9.718 


29,548 
13,707 



16.2 
24.0 
10.7 
19.1 
28.7 
45.3 

21.4 
39.5 



0.9 
23.4 



24.2 
9.3 



31.4 
42.3 



33.6 
61.1 



18.8 
56.2 



21.7 
41.0 



Barrio Barro, from Cifuentes, added. 
Barrio Zuliieta excluded. 



San Diego del Valle, except barrio 

Jicotea, added. 
San Fernando added. 



Ceja de Pablo added. 

San Juan de las Yeras, except barrio 

Quemado Hilario, added. 
Abreus and Cartagena, except barrio 

Cascajal, added. 
Cifuentes, except barrios Ainaro 

and Barro, added. 



Barrio Zuhieta, from CamajuanI. 

added. 
Barrio l^iiemado Hilaris, from San 

Juan de las Yeras, added. 



Barrio Jicotea, from San Diego del 
Valle; barrio Amaro, from 
Cifuentes; and barrio Cascajal, 
from Cartagena, added. 



' Decrease. 



POPULATION GROUPS. 



135 



Of the 82 districts, the only ones showing a loss are Cardenas in Matanzas 
province, and Vinales in the province of Pinar del Rio; in 1907 as compared 
with 1899 the population of the former province had decreased by 30, while 
that of the latter had decreased by 860. Four others showed a rate of gain of 
less than 10 per cent: Nuevitas in Camagiiey, Isla de Pinos in Habana, 
and Rancho Veloz and Sagua la Grande in Santa Clara. Thirty gained 
at rates between 25 and 50 per cent; 12, between 50 and 75 per cent; and 7, 
between 75 and 100 per cent; while 2 more than doubled their population. 
These two were Mayari in Oriente, where the developments about Nipe Bay 
have attracted many people, and Mantua in Pinar del Rio. 

The following table shows the per cent distribution, by number of inhabi- 
tants, of the 82 municipal districts of Cuba and the population contained in 
them: 



NUMBER OF INHABIT.*2*TS. 



Per cent of Per cent of 
total number total 

of districts, i population. 



Total 

Under 5.000. . . . 
5,000 to 10,000 
10,000 to 1.5.000 
15,000 to 20,000 
20,000 to 25.000 
25,000 to .50,000 
50,000 to 100.000 
100,000 and over 



100.0 



100.0 



2.4 


0.3 


4.9 


1.6 


35.4 


17.5 


20.7 


13.9 


9.8 


8.4 


15.8 


21.0 


9.8 


22.5 


1.2 


14.8 



Only 2 districts had a population of less than 5,000 each, and only 1 — 
Habana— had over 100,000 inhabitants. There were 46 districts, or over 
one-half of the total number, with more than 10,000 and less than 20,000 
inhabitants each, and these cities had a population equal to nearly one-third 
of the total population of Cuba. 

The following table shows, for the 1,069 barrios of Cuba, data similar to the 
data shown for municipal districts in the preceding table: 



NUMBER OF INH.\BIT.\NTS. 



Per cent of 
total number. 



Per cent of 

total 
population. 



Total. . . 

Under 500 

500 to 999 

1,000 to 2,000. 
2,000 to 3,000. 
3,000 to 4.000. 
4,000 to 5.000. 
5,000 to 6,000. 
6,000 to 7.000. 
7,000 to 8,000. 
8.000 to 9,000. 
9.000 to 10.000. 
10,000 and over 



100.0 



100.0 



12.0 

23.1 

32.0 

16.4 

6.5 

4.1 

1.8 

13 

1.2 

0.7 

0.3 

0.6 



2.0 

8.9 

23.3 

21.1 

11.8 

9 7 

5.1 

4.4 

4.8 

2.9 

1.4 

4.6 



Twelve per cent of the barrios contained less than 500 inhabitants each, 
and the.se barrios contained collectively only 2 per cent of the total population. 
The group of barrios with from 1,000 to 2,000 inhabitants each is the most 
numerous, including nearly one-third of all the barrios. This group contained 
also the largest population, or nearly one-fourth of the total population. 



136 



POPULATION. 



URBAN POPULATION. 

In connection with the population of cities, it mu.st be understood that the 
cities of Cuba have no corporate limits separatinj^ .sharply the urban element 
from the surrounding rural population. The cities, like the rural districts, 
are divided into barrios, and many of these barrios extend beyond the borders 
of the cities out into the country districts, much as do New England towns, 
and thus include both urban and rural population. On this account it is 
impossible to state the population of cities with exactness, although it is 
believed that the best separation possible has been made. 

The total number of cities having 1,000 or more inhabitants in 1907 is 134 
as compared with 96 in 1899. In 1907, 19 cities contained over 8,000 inhab- 
itants each as compared with 16 in 1899. The population of the 5 cities 
with over 25,000 inhabitants each at both censuses was as follows in 1907: 
Habana, 297,159; Santiago de Cuba, 45,470; Matanzas, 36,009; Cienfuegos, 
30,100; and Camaguey, 29,616. 

The urban population of Cuba — all cities having at least 1,000 inhab- 
itants each — numbered 899,667, or 43.9 per cent of the total population 
in 1907. In 1899 the corresponding population was 740,283, which formed 
47.1 per cent of the total at that time. This indicates that the urban popula- 
tion did not increase as rapidly as the total population, and consequently 
the increase of population was more rapid in the rural districts. In very 
few parts of the world is this condition found, since it is usual for the cities to 
increase more rapidly than the rural districts. This condition existing in 
Cuba is made still more impressive, perhaps, by the statement that while 
in the 8 years the total population increased 30.3 per cent and the rural 
population not less than 38.1 per cent, the urban population increased only 
21.5 per cent, or little more than half as rapidly as the rural element. 

The population of cities of 8,000 or more each was 619,835, or 30.3 per 
cent of the whole population in 1907, while in 1899 the corresponding popula- 
tion was 507,831, and the percentage 32.3. The 5 cities ha\'ing 25,000 or 
more inhabitants each, contained in 1907 a population of 438,354, or 21.4 
per cent of the total population. The following table shows for each pro- 
vince the number of inhabitants in places having a population of at least 
1,000, with the percentage of the total population in 1907 and 1899: 



PROVINCE. 


POPULATION OF CITIES 
HAVINO AT LEAST 
1,000 INHABITANTS. 


FEB CENT OF TOTAL 
POPULATION. 




1907 


1899 


1907 


1899 


Total 

CamapUey 

Habana 

Matanzas 


899,667 


740,283 


43.9 


47.1 


43,798 
401,629 
109,641 
133,143 

43,628 
167,828 


35,543 
328,947 
103,578 
108,747 


37.0 

74.7 
45.7 
2fl .^ 


40.1 
77.4 
61.2 


Oriente 


33.2 


Pinar del R!o 


22,337 ' 18.2 
141 131 jl 3fi 7 


12 9 


Santa Clara 


39 5 











DENSITY OF POPULATION. 



137 



In every province, except Pinar del Rio, the proportion of urban inhabitants 
has diminished. 

The following table shows the distribution, by number of inhabitants, of 
the number and population of all cities with 1,000 or more inhabitants: 





CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 1,000 INHABITANTS. 


NUMBER OP INHABITANTS. 


Number. 


Population. 


Per cent distribution. 




Number. 


Population. 


Total 


134 


899,667 


100.0 


100.0 






1,000 to 2,000 


67 

19 

10 

7 

12 

14 

4 

1 


93,930 

46,223 

35 , 203 

30,681 

73 , 795 

181,481 

141,195 

297,159 


50.0 
14.2 
7.4 
5.3 
9.0 
10.4 
3.0 
0.7 


10.4 


2,000 to 3,000 


5.1 


3,000 to 4,000 


3.9 


4,000 to 5,000 


3.4 


5 000 to 6,000 


8.2 


8,000 to 25,000 


20.0 


25,000 to 100,000 


15.7 


100 , 000 and over 


33.3 







Exactly one-half of the towns had between 1,000 and 2,000 inhabitants 
each, but the total population of this group formed only 10.4 per cent of the 
total urban element. On the other hand, the single city of Habana, with 
nearly 300,000 inhabitants, contained one-third of all the urban population 
of Cuba. Indeed, it contained over one-seventh of the total population of the 
island. This fact emphasizes and explains the dominance of this city over 
the industrial and social life of Cuba. 



DENSITY OF POPULATION. 

The area of Cuba can be known only approximately, since the coast line 
constituting its limits has not yet been mapped with accuracy. Measure- 
ments made upon different maps show wide variations, the areas indicated 
ranging from 35,000 square miles up to 48,000 or 49,000 square miles. In 
the report on the census of 1899, 44,000 square miles was adopted as the 
area, this having been obtained by measurement of the map prepared by 
the information division of the United States War Department, on a scale 
of 1 to 500,000. 

In 1907 and 1908, Col. E. St. J. Greble, advisor to the department of 
government of Cuba, prepared a series of invaluable maps showing for the 
first time with any approach to accuracy, the limits of the municipalities and 
of the rural barrios. These were on a scale of 2 miles to 1 inch. From these 
the areas of the municipalities and of most of the barrios were measured. 
Summing them up, the area of Cuba was found to be 44,164 square miles, 
an area so close to that adopted for the census of 1899, that it has been accepted 
without further measurements. 

The following table shows the areas of the six provinces in square miles 
with the number of inhabitants per square mile: 

10 



138 



POPULATION. 



Total.. 

CamagOey . . . 

Habana 

Matanzas. . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 
Santa Clara. . 



Area, 
square miles. 



44,164 



10,064 
3,170 
3,256 

14.211 
5,206 
8,257 



Population 

per 
square mile. 



46.4 



11.8 
169.7 
73.6 
32.0 
46.2 
56.4 



The province of Oriente contains very nearly a third of the area of Cuba 
and with Caraaguey, considerably more than one-half. Habana, the most 
populous province, is the smallest, with only 7.2 per cent of the area of Cuba. 

The density of population of Cuba in 1907 was about half as great as that 
of Spain, and about the same as the densities of the states of Virginia, New 
Hampshire, and Missouri in 1900. 

Among the provinces, Habana had by far the greatest average density of 
population, due, in the main, to the city of Habana. The density of popula- 
tion of the province was about equal to that of Denmark. The sparsest 
population was found in Camagiiey, which had a density of population about 
equal to that of Chile or that of the state of Texas. 

The great difference in density of population in the different provinces is 
in part due to the presence of large cities, although when all of the cities with 
8,000 or more inhabitants are excluded the differences are still noteworthy. 



PROVIXCE. 


Rural population 
per square mile. 









63 




52 




27 




44 




44 







In the case of rural districts, also, Habana was the most densely populated 
province and Camagiiey the most sparsely populated. 

The following table gives the area and density of the rural popidation of 
the 82 municipalities of Cuba: 



Area and density of rural population. 




PROVINCE OR MUNICIPALITY. 


Area, 
square miles. 


Rural 
population 

per 
square mile. 




CAM.\GtTEY. 


Total 


10,064 


9 




4,306 
1,705 
1,637 
1,137 
1,279 


9 




9 




10 




8 




7 









RURAL POPULATION. 



139 



Area and density of rural population — Continued. 



PROVINCE OR MUNICIPALITY. 



Area, 
square rniles. 



Rural 
population 

per 
square mile. 



Total 

Aguacate 

Alqulzar , 

Batabanfi 

Bauta 

Bejucal 

Guanabacoa 

Gttines 

Gtlira de Melena 

Habana 

Isla de Pinos 

Jaruco 

Madruga 

Marianao 

Nueva Paz 

San Antonio de los Bafios 
San Jos6 de las Lajas. . . . 
Santa Maria del Rosario . 
Santiago de las Vegas . . . 



Total 

^lacranes 

^olondr6n 

J^ardenas 

Yol6n 

JagQey Grande . . 

Jovellanos 

Marti 

Matanzas 

Pedro Betancourt 
Unifin de Reyes.. 



Total 

\ 

jAto Songo 

^aracoa 

Bayamo 

Caney 

Cobre 

Gibara 

Guantanamo 

Holguin 

JiguanI 

ManzaniUo 

Mayari 

Palma Soriano 

Puerto Padre. ... 
Sagua de TSnamo 

San Luis 

Santiago de Cuba 




M.-VTANZAS. 



3,256 



270 
241 
124 
893 
226 
157 
467 
528 
283 
67 



14,211 



368 

1,312 

1,519 

293 

662 

673 

1,474 

1,407 

644 

1.638 

592 

722 

2,042 

633 

192 

40 



PINAJl DEL Rio. 



Total. 



5.206 



Artemisa 

Cabafias 

ConsolaciCn del Norte. 
Consolaci(5n del Sur. . 

Guanajay 

Guane 

Mantua 

Pinar del Rfo 

San Cristobal 

San .Inan y Martinez . 

San Luis 

Vifiales 



52 



59 
51 

35 
58 
45 
50 
32 
54 
46 
167 



27 



56 
21 
17 
55 
22 
58 
20 
36 
21 
24 
30 
28 
17 
13 
74 
204 



44 



210 


70 


347 


33 


436 


26 


466 


62 


117 


131 


14.1 


26 


.'5.50 


20 


597 


66 


715 


29 


ISO 


110 


157 


71 


286 


59 



140 



POPULATION. 



Atcu and density of rural population — Continued. 



PnOVINCE OR MDNICIPALITY. 



Rural 
population 

per 
square mile. 



Total 

CaibariSn 

Calaljiizar 

CainajiianI 

Cienfuegos 

Cruces 

Esperanza 

Palmira 

Placetas 

Queinado de GUines 

Riiiiclio Veloz 

Ratiihuelo 

Rodas 

Sagua la Grande 

San Antonio de las Vueltas 

Sancti-Spiritus 

San Juan de los Remedios. 

Santa Clara 

Santa Isabel de las Lajas. . 

Santo Domingo 

Trinidad 

Yaguajay 



The largest municipality is Camagiiey, in Camaguey province, with an area 
of 4,306 square miles. Next are Cienfuegos in Santa Clara, with 2,159 square 
miles, and Puerto Padre in Oriente, with 2,042 square miles. The smallest 
are in Habana province, Santa Marfa del Rosario and Santiago de las Vegas, 
with only 29 and 32 square miles, respectively. A classification of the muni- 
cipalities by area is as follows: 




AKEA, 8QUARK MILES. 



Less than 100. 

100 to 200 

200 to 500 

500 to 1,000. . 
1,000 to 2,000. 
2,000 and over 



Number of 
municipali- 
ties. 



15 
15 
25 
12 
12 
3 



The extremes of density of rural population are found in Habana province. 
Santiago de las Vegas, with 408 inhabitants to a square mile, is the most 
densely populated municipality, while Isla de Pinos, with only 3 inhabitants 
to a square mile, is the most sparsely populated. Of the 82 municipalities, 5 
had less than 10 inhabitants per square mile; 28 had from 10 to 50 inhabitants; 
29 had from 50 to 100 inhabitants; and 16 had from 100 to 200 inhabitants; 
while only 4 had more than 200 inhabitants per square mile. 



CENTER OF POPULATION. 



The center of population is a summary statement of the distribution of the 
people, and its movement from census to census summarizes their net move- 



SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY. 



141 



ment. In 1887, the center was in the western part of Santa Clara province, 
about 46 miles west of the city of Santa Clara and 23 miles northwest of 
Cienfuegos, In 1899, 12 years later, it had moved about 24 miles to the 
southeast, being very near the town of Palmira, about 30 miles southwest of 
Santa Clara city and 8 miles northeast of Cienfuegos. In 1907, it had moved 
about 14 miles in a direction about east by southeast, and was situated 16 
miles nearly east of the city of Cienfuegos, 29 miles north-northwest of 
Trinidad, and 23 miles southwest of Santa Clara city. It was still in Santa 
Clara province, in the northeastern part of the municipal district of Cienfue- 
gos. The direction of its movement indicates a more rapid increase of popu- 
lation in the eastern part of Cuba than in the western part. The tendency 
of growth is toward a more uniform distribution of the people and the 
center of population is moving toward the center of area. In 1907, it was 19' 
north and 54' west of it. 

The following table gives the position of the center of population as derived 
from the censuses of 1887, 1899, and 1907, together with the center of area: 





Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Center of population: 

1907 


22 
22 
22 
21 


10 
15 
24 
51 


80 12 


1899 


80 23 


1887 


80 41 




79 18 







SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY. 

Of the 2,048,980 inhabitants of Cuba in 1907, 1,074,882 were males and 
974,098 were females. Males formed 52.5 per cent of the total population 
and females 47.5 per cent. The corresponding proportions in 1899 were 51.8 
and 48.2; thus in the eight intervening years the proportion of males increased 
and that of females decreased. The cause of this proportional increase in 
males will be pointed out later, in discussing sex in relation to race and 
nativity. 

The following table shows the proportions of males and females in the 
total population at various censuses from 1792 to 1907: 





CENSUS. 


PER CENT OF TOTAL 


POPULATION. 




Male. 


Female. 


1792 


57.0 
67.3 
68.0 
67.3 
66.0 
53.9 
61.8 
52.6 




43 


1827 


42.7 


1841 


42.0 


1861 


42 7 


1877 


44 


18S7 


46. I 


1899 


48 2 


1907 


47.5 







142 



POPULATION. 



At every census, males have formed a majority of the popuhition. The 
proportion of males reached its maxinmm in 1S41, from which time it dimin- 
ished until it reached its minimum in 1899, at the close of the war for inde- 
pendence. The great disproportion of males which prevailed down to 1887 
was, as will be shown later, connected with slavery and the slave trade. 

The following table shows the proportion of males and females for each 
province and for the city of Habana in 1907 and in 1899: 





1907 


1899 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Per cent 
male. 


Per cent 
female. 


Per cent 
male. 


Per cent 
female. 


Cuba 


52.5 


47.6 


61.8 


48 2 






Oriente 


51.4 
51.5 
52.5 
52.9 
52.9 
52.9 
53.5 


48.6 
48.5 
47.6 
47.1 
47.1 
47.1 
46.5 


60.0 
51.3 
50.9 
52.3 
52.3 
53.0 
53.0 


60 


Matanzas 


48 7 


CaraagUey 


49.1 


Habana 


47.7 


Citv of Habana 


47 7 


Santa Clara 


47.0 


Pinar del Rio 


47 







The smallest proportion of males in 1907 was in Oriente and the largest 
in Pinar del Rfo, provinces at the two extremities of the island. 

In 1907 in each province, with the exception of Santa Clara, the proportion 
of males was greater than the proportion of females. In Camagtiey and 
Oriente, the proportion of males has made great gains. 

In the city of Habana males were largely in excess of females. This, how- 
ever, was by no means the usual case in the larger cities, since in 15 out of 
the 19 cities ha\ing a population of at least 8,000 inhabitants in 1907, females 
were in excess, as is shown in the following table: 



CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS. 


PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total 


50.0 


50.0 




Habana 


62.9 
51.7 
51.6 
50.5 
49.2 
49.0 
48.4 
48.4 
48.2 
48.1 
47.9 
47.6 
47.4 
47.1 
46.1 
45.8 
45.6 
45.3 
41.7 


47 1 


Marianao 


48 3 


Jovellanos 


48 4 


Calbarign 


49 5 


Guantilnamo 


50 8 


Pinar del Rio 


51 


San Antonio de los Bafios 


51 6 


GOine.s 


51.6 
51 8 


Sagua la Grande 


Clenf uegos 


51 9 


Cftrdenas 


52 1 


Santa Clara 


52 5 


Santiago de Cuba 


52 6 


Guanabacoa 


52.9 
53.9 
64.2 
64.4 
54.7 
68.3 


Matanzas 


Camagtiey 


Manzanillo 


Sancti-Spiritus 


Trinidad 





WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION. 



145 



Taking these cities collectively, the numbers of the two sexes were almost 
exactly equal, males being only very slightly in excess of females. Among 
the inhabitants living outside of the cities with a population of 8,000 or 
more, males Avere largely in excess of females, the proportions being 53.5 per 
cent for males and 46.5 per cent for females. 

The following table shows the proportion of the sexes, in urban and rural 
parts of each province: 



PROVINCE. 



Cuba. , 

Camagiiey . . . 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 
Santa Clara.. 



CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 
8,000 INHABITANTS. 



Per cent 
male. 



50.0 



45.8 
52.4 
47.4 
47.4 
49.0 
47.0 



Per cent 
female. 



50.0 



54.2 
47.6 
52.6 
52.6 
51.0 
53.0 



RURAL DISTRICTS. 



Per cent 
male. 



53.5 

54.8 
53.9 
53.2 
52.2 
53.7 
54.5 



Per cent 
female. 



46.5 

45.2 
46.1 
46.8 
47.8 
46.3 
45.5 



In the urban parts of the provinces, males were in excess only in Habana, 
and the excess of females reached its maximum in Camagiiey. In the rural 
parts of the provinces males were in excess in every case. 

In the tables showing data for the earlier censuses, the Chinese are classed 
as whites, since this classification was used in all of the Spanish censuses. 
The following table shows the numbers and proportions of the white and 
colored at each census since 1775: 



1775. 
1792. 
1817. 
1827. 
1841. 
1861. 
1877. 
1887. 
1899. 
1907. 



Number. 



96,440 

163,559 

257,380 

311.051 

418,291 

793,484 

1,023,394 

1,102,889 

1,067,354 

1,440,013 



Per cent. 



COLORED.^ 



Number. 



56.2 


75,180 


56.4 


118,741 


45.0 


314,983 


44.2 


393,435 


41.5 


589,333 


56.8 


603,046 


67.8 


485,897 


67.6 


528,798 


67.9 


505,443 


70.3 


608,907 



Per cent. 



43.8 
43.6 
55.0 
55.8 
58.5 
43.2 
32.2 
32.4 
32.1 
29.7 



1 Includes white and Chinese. 



2 Includes black and mixed. 



The number of whites steadily increased up to the census of 1899 when 
there was a diminution of 35,535 as compared with the number in 1887. 
The colored increased up to 1861; in 1877 there was a decided decrease, 
amounting to 117,149; by 1887 the number had increased by 42,901, but this 
increase was followed by a decrease of 23,355 by 1899. 

As to the proportion of white and colored in the total population it will 
suffice to trace the history of one element only. The colored formed 43.8 per 



144 



POPULATION. 



cent of the population in 1775, and the proportion diminished slightly in 
the succeeding IS years. But between 1792 and 1S17 it increased greatly, 
the colored becoming largely in the majority, and forming 55 per cent of the 
total. A small increase followed in 1827, succeeded by a larger increase in 
1841, when the proportion of colored reached its maximum, 58.5 per cent. 
After that date it diminished rapidly and in 1861 was but 43.2 per cent, 
leaving the whites largely in the majority again. In 1877 it again diminished, 
this time to 32.2 per cent, or less than one-third of the population; after this 
it did not change materially until 1907, when it was only 29.7 per cent. 

The reason for the great increase in number and proportion of the colored 
up to 1841 is doubtless the continued importation of blacks from Africa, 
which persisted, in the form of smuggling, long after its official prohibition. 
The diminution of the proportion of colored inhabitants during the last half 
century is doubtless but another illustration of the inability of the colored 
race to hold its own in competition with the whites, a truth which is being 
demonstrated on a much larger scale in the United States. 

The following table shows the proportion which each sex formed of the 
white and colored population at each census showing data by sex from 1792 
to 1907: 



1792. 
1827. 
1841. 
1861. 
1877. 
1887. 
1899. 
1907. 



WHITE.* 



Per cent 
male. 



53.6 
54.2 
54.3 
59.0 
58.5 
55.1 
54.1 
54.0 



Per cent 
female. 



46.4 
45.8 
45.7 
41.0 
41.5 
44.9 
45.9 
46.0 



COLORED.* 



Per cent 
male. 



61.4 
59.8 
60.6 
55.1 
50.9 
52.1 
47.0 
48.9 



Per cent 
female. 



38.4 
40.2 
39.4 
44.9 
49.1 
47.9 
63.0 
51.1 



* Includes white and Chinese. 



* Includes black and mixed. 



The proportion of males among the whites, with whom the Chinese are 
included, increased up to 1861, probably because of extensive immigration, 
and since then it has decreased. Among the colored, the proportion was 
highest at the first census here quoted. A proportion almost as high was 
maintained until 1841, since which time the proportion has greatly declined. 
The percentage of males among the colored began to decrease with the 
cessation of the slave trade. While that was thriving the excess of males was 
much greater among the colored than among the whites. This suggests that 
the supply of colored labor was maintained mainly by importation, rather 
than by rearing slave children. 



WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION. 



145 



The following table shows the relative rates of increase of the white and 
colored elements of the population, the Chinese being included with the 
whites: 



CENSUS PERIOD. 


Interval, 
years. 


PER CENT OF INCREASE. 


White.' 


Colored.' 


1775 to 1792 


17 
25 
10 
14 
20 
16 
10 
12 
8 


59.3 
67.6 
20.9 
34.5 
89.7 
29.0 
7.8 
» 3.2 
34.9 


57.9 


1792 to 1817 


165.3 


1817 to 1827 


24.9 


1827 to 1841 


49.8 


1841 to 1861 


2.3 


1861 to 1877 


'19.4 


1877 to 1887 


8.8 


1887 to 1899 


» 4.4 


1899 to 1907 


20.5 







> Includes white and Chinese. ' Includes black and mixed. 



' Decrease. 



The above figures for each race can not be compared with one another, 
because in most cases the intervals between the censuses differ, but they are 
presented for comparison of one race with the other. From 1792 to 1S41, 
the colored increased much faster than the whites. During twenty-five years 
of that period, namely, from 1792 to 1817, the African slave trade flourished 
to the greatest degree. Although slave trading was officially abolished in 
1820, the smuggling of slaves continued on a large scale down to 1841, as is 
suggested by the above figures. 

While the ten-year war, from 1868 to 1878, apparently had little effect 
upon the whites, its effect upon the colored race was profound. The effect 
of the revolution of 1895 to 1898 shows very plainly on both races. 

Since the actual abolition of the slave trade, the colored have not increased 
as rapidly as the whites, although there was one period, that from 1877 to 1887, 
in which their rate of growth was more rapid. 

The white inhabitants, including those of native and those of foreign birth, 
numbered 1,428,176, and formed 69.7 per cent, or more than two-thirds, of 
the total population, in 1907. They increased 33.8 per cent between 1899 
and 1907. The native born whites numbered 1,224,539, and formed 59.8 
per cent of the total population in 1907. In 1899, this clement formed 57.8 
per cent of the total population, or 2 per cent less than the proportion for 
1907. The native whites increased at the phenomenal rate of 34.5 per cent 
between 1899 and 1907. Among the native white inhabitants the numbers 
of the two sexes were nearly equal in 1907, females being slightly in excess; 
the proportions were 49.7 per cent for males, and 50.3 per cent for females. 

The following table shows the proportion which the native whites bore to 
the total population in each province and in Habana city, in 1907 and in 1899: 



146 



POPULATION. 





PROVINCE OR CITY. 


PER CENT NATIVE WHITES FORlIBD 
OF TOTAL POPU1.ATION. 




1907 


1899 


Cuba 


59.8 




57.8 








City of Uabana. . 


50.0 
50.9 
.54.6 
58.7 
63.9 
68.7 
75.0 




49.0 


Orienle 


51.2 




50.7 




57.4 




60.3 


Pinar del Rio 


66.4 




75.2 







In everyprovince native whites formed a raajorityof the population in 1907; 
in Pinar del Rio more than two- thirds were native white and in Camagiiey the 
proportion rose to three-fourths. The changes in the proportions since the 
preceding census were not marked except in the case of Matanzas. ^Vhile 
four of the provinces showed increases in the proportion of native whites, the 
other two provinces, Camagiiey and Oriente, showed decreases. 

The following table shows for the native white population in 1907, the 
percentage of each sex, in each pro\ince, and in Habana city: 





PROVINCE OR CITY. 


PER CENT OF NATIVE 
POPULATION. 


WHITE 




Male. 


Female. 


Cuba 


49.7 






50.3 








City of Habana . . 


46.6 
48.5 
49.5 
49.6 
50.1 
50.3 
51.3 






53.4 




51.5 




50.5 


Oriente 


50.4 


Santa Clara . 


49.9 


CamagQev 


49.7 


Pinar del Rio 


48.7 







The colored inhabitants, including negroes, mixed, and Chinese, numbered 
620,804, and formed 30.3 per cent, or a little less than one-third of the total 
population. In 1899, they formed 33.1 per cent. Thus the proportion of 
colored has diminished. The rate of increase of the colored between 1899 
and 1907 was but 19.3 per cent, contrasting strongly with that of the native 
whites (34.5 per cent). 

The following are the numbers and percentages of the elements of the 
colored population in 1907: 





COLORED POPULATION. 


RACE. 


Number. 


Per cent distribution. 




1907 


1899 


1907 


1899 


Total 


620.804 


520,400 


100.0 


100.0 






Negro 


274,272 

334,695 

11,837 


234,738 

270,805 

14,857 


44.2 

53.9 

1.9 


45.1 


Mixed 


52.0 




2.9 







COLORED POPULATION. 



147 



The following table shows the proportion of each sex in the negro and 
mixed population in each province and in Habana city: 





PROVINCE OR CITY. 


PER CENT OF NEGRO AND 
MIXED POPULATION. 




Male. 


Female. 


Cuba 


47.9 




52.1 








City of Habana. . . . 


42.1 
44.7 
47.3 
48.5 
48.9 
49.7 
50.1 




57.9 


Habana 


55.3 


Matanzas 


52.7 




51.5 




51.1 




50.3 


Pinar del Rio 


49.9 







From the earliest times for which we have statistical record there have 
been large numbers of free negroes on the island, and they existed there in 
varying numbers and proportions up to the time of emancipation. The fol- 
lowing table shows the numbers and proportions of the free colored and slave 
population at each census from 1775 to 1877: 



1775 
1792 
1817 
1827 
1841 
1861 
1877 



FREE COLORED. 



Number. 



30,847 
54,151 
115,691 
106,494 
152,838 
225,843 
272,478 



Per cent. 



41.0 

45.6 
36.7 
27.1 
25.9 
37.4 
55.7 



Number. 



44,333 
64,590 
199,292 
286,942 
436,495 
377,203 
199,094 



Per cent. 



59.0 
54.4 
63.3 
72.9 
74.1 
62.9 
44.3 



With the exception of the census of 1827, the free colored increased numer- 
ically at each census as compared wuth the preceding census, and in 1877 
they were nine times as numerous as in 1774. The slaves showed a rapid 
numerical increase up to 1841, and after that time there was a rapid re- 
duction in numbers, a movement doubtless resulting from the abolition of 
the importation of slaves. 

Classifying the population of the 19 largest cities and the rural population 
of Cuba by color, it appears that there is but slight disposition on the part 
of the colored toward the cities. The proportion of this element in the cities 
was 31.9 per cent; in the country, 29.6 per cent. 

The following table shows the proportions of white and colored in the 
cities and rural parts of each province: 



148 



POPULATION. 





FEB CKNT or POPCIATION. 


PROVINCE. 


Cities iiaviriR at least 
8,000 inhabitants. 


Rural distrlcta. 




White. . 


Colored. 


White. 


Colored. 


Cuba 


68.1 


31.9 


70.4 


29.6 




CamaRdey 


73.8 
74.0 
63.3 
46.3 
67.0 
66.0 


26.2 
26.0 
36.7 
53.7 
33.0 
34.0 


84.3 
80.8 
61.4 
59.0 
75.5 
74.2 


15 7 


Habana 


19 2 


Matanzas 


38 6 


Oriente 


41 


Pinar del Rio 


24 6 


Santa Clara 


26 8 







In every province except Matanzas the proportion of colored in the cities 
was greater than the proportion in the country districts. In Oriente and 
Camagiiey it was much greater. 

The following table presents the proportion of white and colored to the 
total population in each of the larger cities: 



CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS. 


PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION. 


White. 


Colored. 


Total 


68.1 


31 9 






Calbarign 


80.7 
79.4 
74.5 
73.8 
72.0 
70.1 
70.0 
67.5 
67.0 
66.9 
65.2 
64.5 
64.0 
62.8 
61.2 
50.5 
4:i . 3 
42.0 
39.4 


19.3 


San Antonio de los Baflos 


20.6 


Habana 


25 5 


CamagOev 


26 2 


Sancti-Spiritus 


28 


Marianao 


29 9 


Guanabacoa 


30 


Matanzas ; 


32 5 


Pinar del Rio 


33 


Santa Clara 


33 1 


Cftrdenas 


34.8 


Cient'uegos 


35.5 


Sa?iia la Grande 


36 


Guinea 


37 2 


Manzanillo 


38 8 


Trinidad 


49.5 


Santiajro de Cuba 


56 7 


Jovellanos 


58.0 


Guantinamo 


60.6 







The number of persons born in Cuba was 1,820,239, or 88.8 per cent of the 
total population. In the 8 years between 1899 and 1907, the native popu- 
lation increased 30 per cent, a rate about equal to the corresponding rate for 
the total population. The following table gives for each province and for the 
city of Habana the rate of increase of the native population in 1907 as 
compared with 1899: 



NATIVE AND FOREIGN BORN POPULATION. 



149 



PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Per cent of 
increase of 

native popu- 
lation. 

1899 to 1907. 


Cuba 


30.0 








Matanzas 


21.2 


Citv of Habana 


23.7 




25.2 


Santa Clara 


29.7 


CarnagUey . . . 


32.0 


Oriente 


35.4 


Pinar del Rio 


39.4 







The wide variations in the above rates are probably due in great part to 
interprovincial migration. 

The following table gives the proportions which the native and the foreign 
born population bore to the total population in each province and in the city 
of Habana in 1907: 





PROVINCE OR CITY. 


PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION. 




Native. 


Foreign born. 


Cuba 


88.8 


11 2 








Citv of Habana. . . 


74.4 
81.2 
89.9 
90.2 
92.6 
92.8 
93.0 


25 6 


Habana 


18 8 


Santa Clara 


10 1 


Matanzas 


9 8 


CamagUey 


7 4 


Oriente 


7 2 


Pinar del Rio 


7 







The city and province of Habana had the smallest proportions of native 
inhabitants, and the two provinces at the ends of the island the largest 
proportions. 

The total number of foreign born was 228,741, which was 11.2 per cent 
of the total population. The number in 1899 was 172,535 and the proportion 
11.0 per cent. The numerical increase was 55,942 and the percentage of 
increase 32.4 — a little greater than that of the native population. The excess 
of arrivals over departures from Cuban ports, or the net immigration, as 
shown in the chapter on immigration, was during these 8 years approximately 
75,000. This difference of about 19,000 measures the losses of this element 
from death. It indicates a death rate of about 10 per thousand per year — 
a very probable rate for persons of the average age of the foreign born. 

Of the whole number of foreign born, 11,217 were Chinese and 13,887 
were negroes and mixed bloods, leaving 203,637 whites. Of the 13,887 



150 



POPULATION. 



colored, 7,948 were born in Africa, and are doubtless the remnant of the 
product of the slave trade. In 1899, these numbered 12,953, the decrease 
in the 8 years being 5,005, caused mainly, if not entirely, by death. 

The Chinese also have decreased, the number in 1907 being over 3,000 less 
than the number in 1899. 

Far the most numerous among the foreign born were the natives of Spain, 
who numbered 185,393 in 1907, as compared with 129,240 in 1899. They 
formed 81.1 per cent of the foreign born, a much larger proportion than in 
1899, when the percentage was 74.9. Those born in the United States num- 
bered 6,713, or about 3 per cent only. The number was slightly more than 
in 1899, when the total was 6,444. No other country contributed as 
much as 2 per cent of the foreign element. The other West Indies, includ- 
ing Porto Rico, Cuba's nearest neighbors, both in distance and blood, 
contributed only 3.2 per cent and all Spanish America together only 3.8 
per cent. 

The following table gives the number and percentage of foreign born from 
each of the leading countries: 



COUNTRY OF BIRTH. 



Spain 

China 

Africa 

United States 

West Indies, excluding Porto Rico 

Porto Rico 

France 

Central and South America 

United Kingdom 

Mexico 



FOREIGN BORN POPULATION. 



Number. 


Per cent. 


185,393 


81.1 


11,217 


4.9 


7.948 


3.5 


6,713 


2.9 


4,280 


1.9 


2,918 


1.3 


1,476 


0.6 


1,442 


0.6 


1,252 


0.5 


1.187 


0.5 



Classified by sex, the foreign whites were composed of 80 per cent males 
and 20 per cent females. This great disproportion of males among the foreign 
bom explains the fact that in the whole population males were considerably 
in excess of females. 

The following table shows the proportion of each sex among the foreign 
bom inhabitants of each province and of Habana city: 





PROVINCE OR CITY. 


PER CENT OF 
FOREIGN WHITE POPCLATXON. 




Male. 


Female. 


Cuba 


80.0 




20.0 








City of Habana. . . . 


75.2 
76.6 
78.8 
82.6 
83.4 
83.6 
87.8 




24.8 


Habana 


23.4 


Matanzas 


21.2 


Oriente 


17.4 


Santa Clara 


16.6 


CamagQev 


16.4 


Pinar del Rio 


12.2 







FOREIGN BORN POPULATION. 



151 



The distribution of the foreign born between city and country is much 
the same in Cuba as in the United States. Foreigners congregate in the 
cities rather than in the country, and among the cities, they choose the larger 
rather than the smaller. Of the population of Habana city more than one- 
fourth were of foreign birth, while the average for the other cities of over 
8,000 inhabitants was but about one-tenth. Of the total foreign born of 
Cuba, 228,741, no fewer than 76,167, or a little less than one-third, were 
found in Habana. 

The following are the percentages which the foreign born in each city of 
over 8,000 inhabitants bore to the total population of the city: 



CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS. 



Population. 



Per cent 
foreign born 
form of total 
population. 



Total 

Habana 

Marianao 

Guantanamo 

Santiago de Cuba 

Pinar del Rio , 

Cienf uegos 

Sagua la Grande 

Caibari^n 

Cdrdenas 

Jovellanos 

Matanzas 

Guanabacoa , 

CamagUey 

GQines 

Santa Clara 

San Antonio de los Bafios 

Manzanillo 

Sancti-Spiritus 

Trinidad 



619,835 



297,159 

9,332 
14,559 
45,470 
10,634 
30,100 
12,393 

8,333 
24,280 

9,246 
36,009 
14,368 
29,616 

8,053 
16,702 

9,125 
15,819 
1 7 , 440 
11,197 



17.7 



25.6 

19.6 

17.3 

13.6 

13.0 

12.2 

12.2 

12.0 

11.7 

10.1 

9.8 

9.1 

8.4 

7.9 

7.9 

7.0 

6.9 

4.2 

2.9 



Of the population of these 19 cities, taken collectively, the foreign born 
constituted 17.7 per cent, while in the rural parts of Cuba the foreign element 
formed only 8.3 per cent of the total, being relatively less than one-half as 
numerous. In the cities other than Habana, the foreign element was but 
little stronger than in the rural districts, the proportions being 10.5 per cent 
and 8.3 per cent, respectively. 

The natives of Spain, who formed, as noted above, by far the most numer- 
ous element of the foreign born, were distributed in proportions similar to 
those of the total foreign born population — a little less than one-half of them 
were found in the cities, where they formed 14.8 per cent of the population, 
and a little more than one-half in the country, where they formed 6.6 per 
cent of the population. Of the total number in Cuba, 36 per cent were found 
in the city of Habana. 

The following table shows, for the principal countries of birth, the proj)or- 
tions of each sex in the total population and in the white and colored popula- 
tions: 



152 



POPULATION. 









FEB CENT 


OF TOTAI,. 






COUNTRY OF BIRTH. 


All classes. 


White. 


Colored.! 




Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


America: 

Cuba 


49.0 
64.3 
61.4 
42.5 

54.5 
69.5 

81.9 
64.4 
63.5 
78.7 

99.5 
60.5 


61.0 
35.7 
38.6 
57.5 

45.5 
40.5 

18.1 
35.6 
36.5 
21.3 

0.5 
39.5 


49.7 
64.3 
52.8 
42.1 

63.4 
57.7 

81.9 
64.7 
64.4 
79.1 

93.5 


60.3 
35.7 
47.2 
57.9 

46.6 
42.3 

18.1 
35.3 
35.6 
20.9 

6.5 
25.9 


47.6 
64.2 
64.3 
46.2 

65.7 
76.5 

73.5 
59.4 
61.5 
64.0 

99.6 
60.4 


52.4 
35.8 
35.7 
53.8 

34.3 
24.6 

26.6 
40 6 


Poi to Rico 


Other West Indies 

Mexico 


Central and Soutli 


United States 


Europe: 




United Kinicrdom 

Other Europe 


38.6 
36.0 

4 


Asia: 

China 


Africa 


39.6 



> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



While among the natives of Cuba females were in excess, for every other 
country of birth, except Mexico, males outnumbered females in the proportion 
of nearly 2 to 1. The natives of Spain, however, who far outnumbered all 
other foreign born, were composed of more than 4 males to 1 female. Prac- 
tically all of the natives of China were males. It is curious and significant 
that the sex distribution of those born in Africa was practically the same as 
that of the colored element of the population prior to 1841, when the slave 
trade was active. 

Among the whites born in Cuba, the two sexes were almost equally repre- 
sented, females being only slightly in excess. Among the whites born in other 
countries, the same conditions respecting sex obtained as with the total 
population. 

Among the colored born in Cuba, females were greatly in excess of males. 
For the colored Cuban inhabitants who were born in the United States or in 
Spain, the proportion was about 3 males to 1 female. 

The following table shows for each province and municipality in 1907, 
the percentages of the population, classified by sex, color, and general nativity. 
The figures for cities, which are shown in italics, are included in the totals 
for the provinces or municipalities in which the cities are located. 



SEX AND NATIVITY. 



153 





Total 
popu- 
lation. 


PEK CENT OF TOTAL. 


OR CITY. 


1 

Male. 


Female. 


Native 
white. 


Foreign 
white. 


Colored.i 




CUBA. 


Total 


2,048,980 


52.5 


47.5 


59.8 


9.9 


30.3 






Camagiley 


118,269 
538,010 
239,812 
455.086 
240,372 
457,431 


52.5 
52.9 
51.5 
51.4 
53.5 
52.9 


47.5 
47.1 
48.5 
48.6 
46.5 
47.1 


75.0 
58.7 
54.6 
50.9 
68.7 
63.9 


6.7 
17.9 

7.4 
6.0 
6.4 
8.6 


18.3 




23.4 


Matanzas 


38.0 


Oi'iente 


43.1 




24.9 


Santa Clara 


27.6 








CAMAQUEY. 


The province 


118,269 


52.5 


47.5 


75.0 


6.7 


18.3 


Camaguey 


66,460 
29,616 
17,741 
13,898 
10,620 
9,550 


50.5 
46.8 
57.2 
52.3 
55.2 
55.0 


49.5 

64.2 
42.8 
47.7 
44.8 
45.0 


75.1 
66.2 
72.6 
86.6 
73.2 
63.1 


5.9 
7.6 
11.5 
3.4 
9.7 
5.0 


19.0 


City of Camagiiey 

Ciego de Avila 


26.8 
16.9 


Mor6n 


10.0 


Nuevitas 


17.1 


Santa Cruz del Sur 


31.9 








HABANA. 


The province 


538,010 


52.9 


47.1 


58.7 


17.9 


23.4 






Aguacate 


7,305 
10,561 
15,434 
13,430 
15,655 
24,968 
14,S6S 
32,216 

8,063 

13,701 

302,526 

297,169 

3,276 
12,067 

7,111 
18,156 

9,332 
12,196 
20,447 

9,125 
11.988 

3.915 
13.058 


52.8 
54.5 
56.5 
54.0 
51.5 
49.6 
47.1 
53.0 
48.4 
53.7 
53.0 
62.9 
56.0 
54.2 
51.0 
53.3 
61.7 
63.4 
52.1 

48.4 
52.6 
51.9 
52.0 


47.2 
45.5 
43.5 
46.0 
48.5 
50.4 
62.9 
47.0 
61 .6 
46.3 
47.0 
47.1 
44.0 
45.8 
49.0 
46.7 
48.3 
46.6 
47.9 

51 .6 
47.4 
48.1 
48.0 


60.7 
67.2 
66.8 
72.6 
80.5 
69.5 
61 .6 
66.1 
66.9 
67.7 
50.2 
60.0 
66.8 
72.9 
73.5 
63.1 
62.5 
58.0 
79.0 

7S.9 
76.7 
74.2 
68.0 


7.7 

10.2 

12.7 

9.6 

7.0 

8.2 

8.5 

7.5 

6.9 

10.9 

24.5 

24-6 

22.9 

6.0 

5.8 

15.4 

17 .6 

7.8 

8.5 

6.6 

6.4 

7.3 

11.1 


31.6 




22.6 


Bataban6 


20.5 




17.8 


Bejucal 


12.5 




22.3 


City of Guanabacoa 

GOines 


so.o 

26.4 


City of GUines 


37. g 


Gtiira de Melena 


21.4 


Habana 


25.3 


City of Habana 


26.6 


Isla de Pinos 


10.3 


Jaruco 


21.1 


Madruga 


20.7 


Marianao 


21.5 


City of Marianao 

Nueva Paz 


29.9 
34.2 


San Antonio de los Baflos . . . 
City of San Antonio de loa 


12.5 

20.6 


San JosS de las Lajas 

Santa Maria del Rosario 

Santiago de las Vegas 


16.9 
18.5 
20.9 




MATANZAS. 


The province 


239.812 


51.5 


48.5 


54.6 


7.4 


38.0 




15,838 
12,377 
28,576 
24,280 
52.006 
10,256 
17,024 
9,246 
15,104 
64,385 

se ,009 

13,044 
11.202 


52.9 
53.5 
49.1 
47.9 
53.2 
53.2 
62.4 
61 .6 
53.0 
49.6 
46.1 
52.9 
51.4 


47.1 
46.5 
50.9 
6S.1 
46.8 
46.8 
47.6 

50.5 
63.9 
47.1 
48.6 


62.7 
49.4 
68.2 
65.6 
48.1 
67.7 
41.6 
34.9 
48.0 
62.6 
68.6 
46.6 
49.1 


6.2 
8.9 
9.3 
9.7 
6.4 
7.9 
7.1 
7.1 
4.3 
8.1 
8.9 
6.4 
8.1 


31.1 


Bolondrfin 


41.7 




32.5 




34-8 


Col6n 


45.5 


JagUev Grande 


24.4 


Jovellanos 


51.3 


Cily of Jovellanos 

Maitf 


68.0 
47.7 


Matanzas 

Cilv nf Mntnnzas 


29.3 
S3. 6 


Pedro Betancourt 


47.0 


Uni6n de Reyes 


42.8 







> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



154 



POPULATION. 



PBOVINCE, MUNICIPALITY, 
OK CITY. 



Total 
popu- 
lation. 



PER CENT OF TOTAL. 



Male. 



Female. 



Native 
white. 



Foreign 
white. 



Colored." 



The province 

Alto Sonsro 

Baracoa 

Bayamo 

Canev 

Cobre 

Gibara 

Guantiinamo 

Cilu of Guantdnamo . . . . 

Hol|E:uin 

JiRuanr 

Manzanillo 

City of MamaniUo 

Mayarf 

Palina Soriano 

Puerto Padre 

Sagua de TSnamo 

San I>uis 

SantiafTo de Cuba 

City of Santiago de Cuba 



The province. . . 

Artemisa 

Cabaflas 

Con.solaci6n del Norte . 
ConsolacidndelSur. . . 

Guanajay 

Guane 

Mantua 

PinardelRto 

City of Finar del Rio 

San Cristobal 

San Juan y Martinez. . 

San Luis 

Viilales 



The province 

Caibari6n 

City of Caibariin 

Calabazar 

Camajuanf 

Cienfuegos 

City of Cienfuegos 

Cruces 

Esperanza 

Palmira 

Placetas 

Quemado de GOines 

Rancho Veloz 

Ranch uelo 

Rodas 

Sagua la Grande 

City of Saaua la Grande 
San .\ntonio de las Vueltas 
Sancti-Spiritus 

City of SanctiSpiritUH. . 
San ,Iuan de los Reinedios. 
Santa Clara 

City of Santa Clara . . . 
Santa Lsabel de las Lajas. . 

Santo Domingo 

Trinidad 

City of Trinidad 

Yaguajay 



455,086 



20,553 
27.852 
26,511 
16,215 
14,715 
39,. 343 
43,300 
14,659 
50,224 
13,325 
54,900 
16,819 
17,628 
20,235 
34,061 
8,398 
14,212 
53,614 
46,470 



240,372 



14,719 
11,552 
11,471 
28,819 
15,336 
29,236 
11,041 
50,071 
10,6S4 
20,388 
19,807 
11,092 
16,840 



457,431 



10,053 
8,333 
16,979 
14,583 
70,416 
30,100 
10,239 
18,183 
15,750 
16,682 
11,309 
14,616 
12.537 
22,083 
26,937 
lg,393 
16,861 
36,572 
17,440 
21,573 
46,620 
16, 70S 
11,407 
20,776 
29,548 
11 ,197 
13,707 



51.4 



51.9 
50.3 
40.0 
56.9 
51.8 
50.9 
54.0 
49.2 
50.9 
48.8 
49.9 
46.0 
60.8 
52.8 
51.4 
53.4 
51.6 
47.7 
47.4 



48.6 



50.9 



48 

49 

51 

43 

48 

49 

46.0 

60.8 

49.1 

51.2 

50.1 

64.4 
39.2 
47.2 
48.6 
40.6 
48.4 
52.3 
52.6 



24.9 
43.6 
56.4 
29.3 
19.8 
75.6 
23.0 

se.7 

83.6 
83.4 
56.9 
64-9 
51.6 
41.1 
71.4 
56.2 
24.1 
33.2 
32.1 



PlNAn DEL rIo. 



53.5 



54.3 
52.0 
52.3 
52.7 
51.0 
.56.4 
53.2 
53.3 
49.0 
53.5 
54.1 
53.9 
52.7 



46.5 



45.7 
48.0 
47.7 
47.3 
49.0 
43.6 
46.8 
46.7 
61.0 
46.5 
45.9 
46.1 
47.3 



68.7 



66.9 
50.5 
73.5 
66.2 
64.9 
73.2 
81.6 
67.9 
66.4 
65.4 
70.5 
69.6 
74.0 



SANTA CLARA. 



52.9 



51.4 
60.6 
65.5 
54.9 
53.3 
48.1 
53.8 
52.9 
54.9 
54.5 
52.9 
52.0 
52.0 
55.0 
51.0 
48..? 
55.4 
50.8 
46.3 
52.3 
52.6 
47.6 
54.6 
53.2 
48.5 
41-7 
67.4 



47.1 



48.6 
49.6 
44.5 
45.1 
46.7 
ol .9 
46.2 
47.1 
45.1 
45.5 
47.1 
48.0 
48.0 
45.0 
49.0 
61 .8 
44.6 
49.2 
64-7 
47.7 
47.4 
62.6 
45.4 
46.8 
51.5 
68.3 
42.6 



63.9 



69.1 
69.6 
61.4 
61.2 
57.9 
53.6 
52.2 
76.1 
60.5 
63.5 
71.2 
57.8 
66.5 
61.5 
57.6 
64-7 
78.8 
73.4 
68.6 
63.4 
68.7 
69.8 
56.2 
67.4 
59.7 
48.1 
59.5 



6.0 



3.3 
2.1 
1.3 

17.6 
6.0 
5.4 
9.5 

IS. 7 
3.8 
0.7 
3.7 
6.3 

13.5 
4.3 
4.0 
2.7 



7.0 
11.2 
11.2 



6.4 



6.8 
4.2 
4.0 
3.8 
6.1 
9.8 
4.1 
7.7 
11.6 
5.6 
7.8 
6.6 
5.7 



8.6 



11.0 

11.2 

7.3 

18.9 

10.9 

10.9 

10.2 

2.9 

9.9 

12.4 

5.6 

4.4 

6.2 

8.7 

8.9 

9.3 

10.2 

7.8 

3.6 

10.8 

7.6 

7.1 

6.9 

5.1 

2.7 

S.4 

15.7 



'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



AVERAGE AGE. 155 



Of the 82 municipalities, 8 only had an excess of females, while of the 74 
in which males predominated, there were 12 in which that sex had 55 per 
cent or more. Classifying the municipalities in accordance with their per- 
centage of foreign whites, it appears that 18 contained less than 5 per cent; 
45, or more than half, had between 5 and 10 per cent; 17 had at least 10 but 
less than 20 per cent; while 2 municipalities only, both of them in Habana 
pro\'ince, had over 20 per cent. 

As to proportion of colored, there was but 1 municipality which contained 
only 10 per cent; 49 contained more than 10 and less than 30 per cent and 
23 had between 30 and 50 per cent; while in 9 more than half the population 
were colored. 

AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY. 

Probably the best summary of the age of a people or of an element of the 
population is the mean age — which is the figure that would be obtained if 
the ages of all the people were added together and the sum total divided by 
the number of people. Since it was impracticable to obtain the mean in this 
way, a shorter method has been followed. The number of inhabitants is 
given in the case of those under one year of age and of those in each year 
from 1 to 5. At greater ages the number is given in age groups of 5 years 
each, from 5 to 9, 10 to 14, etc. The number of persons of each year of age 
up to and including 4 years was multiplied by the actual number of years of 
age. The average age for those from 5 to 9 years of age is 7 years; conse- 
quently the number of children reported for those years was multiplied by 7. 
Similarly, the number in the next age group, from 10 to 14 years, was multi- 
plied by 12, and so on. These products were added together and the sum 
was divided by the total population of Cuba. 

According to this method, the average age of the people of Cuba was 23.4 
years. This is exactly one year less than the average in 1899; the difference 
is due, as will be shown further on, to the enormous increase in the number of 
young children. The average age in 1907 was slightly less than that of the 
people of the Philippine Islands in 1903 (23.9 years), and decidedly less than 
that of the people of the United States in 1900 (26.3 years). 

The following table shows for 1907 and 1899 the average ages of the 
inhabitants of Cuba, classified by sex and by color and nativity: 



SEX OR COI.OK AND NATIVITY. 


AVERAGE 


AOE. 


1907 


1899 


Total 


23.4 




24.4 






Males 


23.9 
22.9 
21.0 
33.5 
24.7 




24.8 


Females 


23.8 


Native whites 


21.7 


ForeiRii born whites 


35.1 


Colored 


26.1 







156 



POPULATION. 



The change in the average age of foreign born whites is probably significant 
only of a change in the average age of the immigrants. The average age of 
the colored people of the United States in 1900 was 23.2 years. 

The average ages of the people of each province and of Habana city were 
as follows in 1907: 





PROVINCE OR CITT. 


Average age. 


Cuba 


23 4 








Citv of Habana 


25.3 


Haliana 


25.0 


Matanzas 


24.9 


Cama^Oev 


24 3 


Santa Chira 


23.3 


Oriente 


22 


Pinar del Rf o 


21 1 







The reasons for these differences will be clearly developed in the discus- 
sion which follows. 

The following table presents the percentages which the number of persona 
of different age groups bore to the total population in 1907, with similar 
figures for Cuba for 1899, Porto Rico for the same year, and the United States 
and Spain for 1900: 





PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 


AOB. 


Cuba. 


Porto 
Rico. 
1899. 


United 

States, 

1900. 


Spain, 




1907 


1899 


1900. 


Under 1 j'ear 


3.2 
16.8 
11.0 
8.8 
11.5 
11.4 
9.0 
6.6 
5.8 
5.3 
3.9 
3.4 
1.9 
2.0 
0.9 
0.8 
0.4 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 


1.5 
8.3 

14.4 
14.0 
11.3 
9.7 
8.7 
7.6 
6.3 
5.4 
3.8 
3.7 
2.2 
2.2 
0.9 
0.7 
0.3 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 


2.8 
15.8 
15.1 
13.0 
9.8 
9.3 
8.8 
6.8 
5.0 
4.6 
2.8 
3.5 
1.6 
1.9 
0.7 
0.6 
0.2 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 


2.6 
12.1 
11.7 
10.7 
9.9 
9.7 
8.6 
7.3 
6.5 
5.6 
4.5 
3.9 
2.9 
2.4 
1.7 
1.2 
0.7 
0.4 
0.2 
(') 


2.1 


Under 5 years 


11.6 


5 to 9 rears 


11.4 


10 to 14 years 


10.5 


15 to 19 rears 


8.4 


20 to 24 'years 


8.1 


25 to 29 years 


7.6 


30 to 34 rears 


6.9 


35 to 39 rears 


6.1 


40 to 44 rears 


6.2 


45 to 49 years 


5.1 


50 to 54 years 


5.2 


55 to 59 years 


3.8 


60 to 64 rears 


3.7 


65 to 69 rears 


2.1 


70 to 74 rears 


1.7 


75 to 79 rears 


0.8 


80 to 84 rears 


0.6 


85 to 89 rears 


0.2 


90 to 94 rears 


0.1 







' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 



The following table presents percentages showing the proportion of inhab- 
itants in each age group in the case of the native whites, foreign whites, and 
colored in Cuba in 1907 and the colored in the United States in 1900: 



AGE. 



157 



Under 1 year 

Under 5 years 

5 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 vears 

25 to 29 vears 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 39 years 

40 to 44 years 

45 to 49 years 

50 to 54 years 

55 to 59 vears 

60 to 64 years 

65 to 69 years 

70 to 74 years 

75 to 79 years 

80 to 84 years 

85 to 89 years 

90 to 94 years 

95 to 99 years 

100 years and over. 



PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 



Cuba, 1907. 



Native 
white. 



3.9 

19.9 

12.2 

9.8 

11.9 

11.3 

8.4 

5.8 

5.1 

4.6 

3.5 

2.8 

1.6 

1.4 



0.1 



(2) 



Foreign 
white. 



Colored .1 



0.1 

1.3 

1.9 

2.3 

8.0 

14.4 

15.5 

14.0 

10.9 

9.5 

6.8 

5.6 

3.3 

2.7 

1.3 

0.9 

0.5 

0.3 

0.1 



(2) 



2.8 

15.4 

11.4 

9.1 

11.7 

10.7 

8.1 

5.7 

5.4 

5.2 

3.8 

3.9 

2.2 

3.0 

1.2 

1.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.2 

0.2 

0.1 

(2) 



Colored in 

United States, 
1900. 



2.8 

13.7 

13.6 

12.3 

11.1 

11.0 

8.4 

6.1 

5.5 

4.3 

3.8 

3.3 

2.1 

1.9 

1.1 

0.8 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

(») 



1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow. ^Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

The following table presents percentages showing the proportion of males 
and females in the total population and among the native whites, the foreign 
whites, and the colored: 





PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 


AGE. 


All classes. 


Native white. 


Foreign wliite. Colored.' 




Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Under 1 year 

Under 5 years 

5 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 vears 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 39 years 

40 to 44 years 

45 to 49 years 

60 to 54 years 

55 to 59 years 

60 to 64 years 

65 to 69 years 

70 to 74 years 

75 to 79 years 

80 to 84 years 

85 to 89 years 

90 to 94 years 


3.0 
16.1 
10.6 
8.6 
10.9 
11.6 
9.3 
7.0 
6.0 
5.6 
4.2 
3.5 
2.1 
2.0 
0.9 
0.8 
0.3 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 


3.3 
17.4 
11.4 
9.0 
12.2 
11.2 
8.7 
6.2 
5.5 
4.9 
3.6 
3.4 
1.8 
2.1 
0.9 
0.8 
0.4 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 


3.9 

20.4 

12.5 

10.1 

11.3 

11.2 

8.3 

5.8 

5.1 

4.8 

3.6 

2.8 

1.6 

1.2 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.1 


3.8 

19.4 

11.9 

9.5 

12.5 

11.3 

8.6 

5.9 

5.1 

4.5 

3.3 

2.9 

1.6 

1.6 

0.7 

0.6 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 


(') 

0.9 

1.3 

1.8 

9.0 

15.0 

15.7 

14.3 

11.2 

9.8 

7.0 

5.5 

3.2 

2.5 

1.2 

0.8 

0.4 

0.2 

0.1 


0.3 

3.5 

4.6 

4.3 

6.8 

12.0 

14.4 

12.8 

10.0 

8.3 

5.8 

5.9 

3.5 

3.5 

1.8 

1.3 

0.9 

0.6 ! 

i 


2.9 
15.9 
11.7 
9.4 
10.9 
10.7 
7.9 
5.4 
5.0 
5.0 
3.7 
3.8 
2.5 
3.2 
1.4 
1.5 
0.6 
0.7 
0.2 
2 


2.7 
15.0 
11.2 
8.8 
12.3 
10.7 
8.2 
5.9 
5.7 
5.5 
3.9 
4.0 
2.0 
2.7 
1.0 
1.3 
0.5 
0.6 
0.2 
2 


95 to 99 years 










0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


1 


100 vears and over. 












1 


1 


Unknown 










0.1 


1 


1 















» Includes black, mixed, and yellow. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 



158 



POPULATION. 



Tin- children less than 1 year of age in Cuba in 1907 formed 3.2 per cent 
of the total population. In 1S90, the proportion was less than half as large, 
being only 1.5 per cent. This small proportion was, as is well understood, 
the result of the war and the accompanying reconcentration. In the United 
States in 1900, the proportion at this age was 2.G per cent; in Porto Rico in 
1899, 2.8 per cent; and in the Philippine Islands in 1903, 2.4 per cent. Thus 
it will be seen that the proportion at this age in Cuba was very large, though 
not .surprisingly large, when one reflects that the country had only recently 
emerged from an exhausting and deadly war and entered into a period of 
great prosperity. The proportion of males under 1 year of age to all males 
was 3.0 per cent, and the corresponding proportion for females was 3.3 per 
cent. Among the native whites the proportions were greater, being no less 
than 3.9 per cent for the total of that element and 3.9 and 3.8, respectively, 
for the males and females. Among the foreign born whites, the proportions 
were very small. 

Among the colored, the proportion under 1 year of age was 2.8 per cent, 
those of males and females being, respectively, 2.9 and 2.7 per cent. These, 
it will be noted, are decidedly smaller than those of the native whites. This 
fact accords with the smaller rate of increase of the colored. The proportion 
of colored children under 1 year of age in the United States in 1900 was the 
same as the proportion in Cuba in 1907. 

There are great differences among the different provinces and the city of 
Habana in the proportion of children as shown in the following table, 
which gives the percentages for children under 1 year of age, under 5 
years, and under 10 years: 





PER CENT OP TOTAL POPULATION. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Under 1 year 
of age. 


Under 5 years 
of age. 


Under 10 years 
of age. 


Cuba 


3.2 


16.8 


27.8 






Camagllev 


3.1 
2.6 
2.1 
2.9 
3.7 
3.6 
3.2 


15.8 
13.9 
10.7 
16.0 
18.6 
19.6 
17.5 


27.2 


Habana 


23.2 


City of Habana 


18.9 




25.9 




31.0 


Pinar del Rio 


33.0 


Santa Clara 


28.2 







The two provinces having the largest rates of increase in population had 
the greatest proportions of children under 1 year of age. Habana had the 
lowest proportion among the provinces, a position into which she was forced 
by Habana city, where there is a large proportion of adult foreign born. 
In the province, excluding the city, the proportion was 3.2 per cent. If the 
foreign born be excluded from the city of Habana, the proportion would 
rise to 2.7 per cent. This proportion is still small, but not less than that 
ordinarily found in large cities. 



PROPORTION OF CHILDREN. 159 



The highest proportion was in Pinar del Rio, which had the highest rate of 
increase. The lowest, as before, was in Habana and for the same reason.. 

The children under 5 years of age in Cuba in 1907 formed 16.8 per cent 
of the total population. In 1899 they formed only 8.3 per cent, or less than 
one-half as much. The proportion in 1907 was very large, when compared 
with that of any other people for whom we have statistics. All in this age 
group were born since the revolution. In the United States in 1900 the 
corresponding group formed but 12.1 per cent of the total; in Porto Rico in 

1899, 15.8 per cent; and in the Philippine Islands in 1903, 15.1 per cent. 
The proportion of children under 5 years of age among the native whites 

in Cuba in 1907 was 19.9 per cent, that of the males being 20.4 per cent 
and that of females, 19.4 per cent. The proportion among the foreign whites 
was 1.3 per cent and among the colored, 15.4 per cent. 

In Cuba, in 1907, the children under 10 years of age formed 27.8 per cent 
of the total population. Here again the proportion is large. In 1899, it was 
but 22.7 per cent. In Porto Rico in the same year, however, this rate was 
exceeded, the proportion there being 30.9 per cent. In the United States, in 

1900, it was 23.8 per cent and in the Philippine Islands in 1903, 28.8 per cent, 
or a little more than in Cuba in 1907. The proportion of the native whites 
at this age was 32.1 per cent, which is larger than any other figures here quoted ; 
that of the foreign born was 3.2 per cent and that of the colored, 26.8 per cent, 
the latter proportion being nearly as large as the figure for the total population. 

Among the provinces there were differences in the proportion of children 
under 10 years of age, but they were not so great as those for the two younger 
periods. 

Here the two provinces which increased most rapidly in population had 
the highest proportions of children under 10 years of age and, as before, 
Habana had the smallest proportion of any province, and Habana city the 
least of all. 

During the revolution the children suffered the most severely, especially 
because of reconcentration. Not only were a large proportion of the living 
destroyed, but the birth rate was greatly reduced, owing to the absence of hus- 
bands and a reduction in the number of marriages. The children who sur- 
vived were in 1907 at least 8 years of age, and we should expect to find small 
proportions for the children above that age. An idea of the losses can be ob- 
tained by comparing the proportions in Cuba in 1907 with the corresponding 
figures for Porto Rico in 1899, which represent a people in a normal con- 
dition: 



5 to 9 years. 
10 to 14 years. 



PER CENT OF TOTAL. 



Cuba, 
1907. 



11.0 
8.8 



Porto Rico, 
1899. 



15.1 
13.0 



Difference. 



4.1 
4.2 



160 POPULATION. 



Aside from the above noted differences the figures for Cuba and Porto 
Rico show only minor and not significant differences. Comparison with the 
United States cohmin shows that in Cuba tiie pro|)ortions were larger in 
childhood and early manhood, and smaller in more advanced ages. For 
age groups over 30 years the percentages were smaller in every case, and the 
totals were 31.5 for Cuba and 37.3 for the United States. With the exception 
of the group 50 to 54 years, at all ages above 35, percentages for Cuba were 
equal to or larger than those of Porto Rico, and the totals were 24.9 for Cuba 
and 21.4 for Porto Rico. 

In the distribution of the population by age, the three elements, native 
white, foreign white, and colored differed widely from one another, and 
especially did the foreign whites differ from the others. The chief difference 
between the native whites and the colored is in the fact that in the latter the 
proportions of the young were smaller and those of the more advanced ages 
were larger. Up to 35 years, the proportions of native whites were in all 
cases the greater, and the total percentage below that age was 79.3 per cent 
as compared with 72.1 per cent for the colored. 

The greater ages reported for the colored are, in part, doubtless fictitious; 
a much greater proportion of colored than of whites do not know their ages 
and persons ignorant of their ages are disposed to exaggerate them, especially 
if they are old. AH indications go to show that the colored are not as long 
lived as the whites, and yet this table shows that 1.1 per cent of the colored 
were 80 years of age, as compared with only 0.3 per cent of the native white. 

On the schedules 63 native whites and 15 foreign whites were reported as 
being more than 100 years of age, while of the colored no fewer than 444 were 
so reported. It is doubtful if one of these cases was correctly reported. This 
exaggeration of age among the old and ignorant is not peculiar to Cuba. It 
is almost as prevalent in the United States. In the Census of 1900 of that 
country, 470 native whites and 2,674 colored were reported as being over 100 
years of age. 

The contrast between the age distribution of the native whites and the 
foreign whites is great. Among the latter there were very few young children. 
Indeed, only 14.1 per cent of the total number were below the age of 20, 
while of the native whites 53.8 per cent, or more than half of the total, were 
below that age. Between the ages of 20 and 39 years were found 54.8 per 
cent of the foreign whites, and only 30.6 per cent of the native whites. The 
foreign whites, too, were relatively more numerous in the more advanced 
ages than the native whites. 

The composition of the total population and its elements as to sex is shown 
above. Of the total population, females formed the larger percentage up to 
the age of 20 years. From that age to 65, males were in greater proportion 
and for the more advanced ages the proportions of the se.xes were about equal. 

Among the native whites, males formed the larger proportions up to the 
age of 15 years. From that age to 35, females formed the larger proportions. 



AGE GROUPS BY PROVINCES. 



161 



For the ages from 40 to 50, males were proportionally more numerous, while 
beyond 50 the percentages of females were equal to or greater than those of 
males. 

In the case of the foreign whites, the percentages of females were greater 
than those of males up to 15 years. Indeed, while only 4.0 per cent of males 
were under 15 years of age, 12.4 per cent of the females were under that age. 
From 15 to 50 years the percentages of males were the greater, while above 
50, as a rule, those of females were the larger. 

Of the colored, the percentages of males were larger up to 15 years; then 
the percentages of females were equal to or larger than those of males up to 
55 years, above which age the proportions of males equaled or exceeded 
those of females. 

The following table presents, for each of the provinces and for the city of 
Habana, the proportions which the people of each age group formed of the 
total population : 





PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 


AOE. 


Camagiiey. 


Habana. 


Matanzas. 


Oriente. 


Pinar del 
Rio. 


Santa 
Clara. 


City of 
Habana. 


Under 1 year . . . . 

Under 5 years 

5 to 9 years.... 
10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 19 years. . . . 
20 to 24 years.. . . 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years.. . . 

35 to 39 years 

40 to 44 years.. . . 
45 to 49 years.. . . 
50 to 64 years.. . . 

65 to 59 years. . . . 
60 to 64 years.. . . 

66 to 69 years.. . . 

70 to 74 years 

75 to 79 years.. . 
80 to 84 years.. . 
85 to 89 years. . . 
90 to 94 years.. . 
95 to 99 years... 


3.1 

15.8 

11.4 

10.8 

12.5 

11.8 

7.7 

5.1 

4.6 

5.2 

4.2 

3.7 

2.2 

2.1 

1.0 

0.9 

0.4 

0.4 

0.1 

0.1 

(>) 


2.6 

13.9 

9.3 

7.8 

11.2 

12.2 

10.4 

8.3 

7.1 

5.7 

4.2 

3.5 

2.0 

2.0 

0.9 

0.7 

0.3 

0.3 

0.1 

0.1 

(') 


2.9 
16.0 
9.9 
8.9 
11.4 
10.7 
8.4 
6.6 
6.1 
5.4 
3.9 
3.8 
2.3 
2.8 
1.3 
1.2 
0.5 
0.5 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


3.7 

18.6 

12.4 

9.8 

12.0 

11.2 

8.2 

4.9 

4.7 

5.0 

3.9 

3.4 

1.8 

1.8 

0.8 

0.7 

0.3 

0.3 

0.1 

0.1 

(>) 


3.6 

19.6 

13.4 

8.8 

11.1 

10.6 

9.4 

6.8 

5.4 

4.5 

3.0 

2.7 

1.4 

1.5 

0.6 

0.6 

0.2 

0.2 

0.1 

0.1 

(') 


3.2 

17.5 

10.7 

8.6 

11.5 

11.5 

8.6 

6.5 

5.6 

5.5 

4.0 

3.5 

1.9 

2.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.4 

0.3 

0.1 

0.1 

(') 


2.1 

10.7 

8.2 

7.9 

11.4 

12.8 

11.2 

9.0 

7.6 

6.1 

4.5 

3.6 

2.2 

2.1 

1.0. 

0.8 

0.4 

0.3. 

O.X 

0.1: 

(»> 



>Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 



The small proportion of children of 8 years and over, which was noted in the 
discussion concerning the total population, is plainly shown here in the case of 
each province, but in different degrees. Apparently, Habana suffered most 
severely from the war and reconcentration, as was to have been expected. 
Matanzas also suffered greatly, and Santa Clara nearly as much, while Cama- 
giiey felt the effects of the war the least, as was also to have been expected. It 
is impossible to measure its effects in Habana city, as the presence of a large 
foreign element in the population greatly complicates the situation. 

The distribution of children under the age of 10, by provinces, has been dis- 
cussed. The proportion of the population between the ages of 10 and 19 ranged 
from 19.0 per cent in Habana up to 23.3 per cent in Camagiiey. This class has 



11 



162 



POPULATION. 



been aflFccted in marked degree by the war, as shown above, and their propor- 
tion was little hirp-r thiin that of the next group, 20 to 29 years. Indeed, in 
Saiitii Clara tlic two were equal and in Pinar del liio and Habana the class 20 
to 29 yeai-s was the larger. In Pinar del Rfo this is the result of the war and in 
Habana the war and the large foreign element were jointly the cau.se. 

'I'he gn)up 20 to 29 years formed proportions ranging from 19.1 per cent in 
Matanzas to 20.1 per cent in Santa Clara and 22.6 per cent in Habana, where 
its magnitude was due to the foreign born. In Habana city the proportion, 24.0 
per cent, was even greater. The next group, 30 to 39 years, shows a greater 
range and several curious anomalies. The largest proportions were found in 
the city and the province of Habana, the percentages being 16.6 and 15.4, re- 
sptx'tively. The next largest proportion was that of Matanzas, 12.7 per cent, 
V hile the smallest proportion, 9.6 per cent, was found in Oriente. In Camagiiey 
and Oriente the proportions were less than half as great as those for the pre- 
ceding age group. In Camagiiey it dropped from 19.5 per cent to 9.7 per cent; 
and in Oriente, from 19.4 per cent to 9.6 per cent. In Pinar del Rio and Santa 
Clara the drop was nearly as great, in the first, from 20.0 to 12.2 and in the 
second, from 20.1 to 12.1. 

The next group, 40 to 49 years, also shows anomalies. Among the provinces, 
except Pinar del Rio, the range was small, being only from 8.9 per cent in 
Oriente up to 9.9 per cent in Habana. Pinar del Rio, however, showed only 
7.5 per cent. In Camagiiey the reduction in the proportion from the group next 
preceding was only 0.3 per cent, from 9.7 per cent to 9.4 per cent. Again, in 
Oriente, the reduction was only from 9.6 per cent to 8.9 per cent. In the next 
group, 50 to 59 years, the proportions ranged from 4.1 per cent in Pinar del 
Rio up to 6.1 per cent in Matanzas. Those at least 60 years of age were in 
greatest proportion in Matanzas, 0.6 per cent; least in Pinar del Rio, 3.3 per 
cent; and small in Oriente, 4.1 per cent. 

The province of Matanzas is characterized by a large proportion of elderly 
people, 12.7 per cent being at least 50 years of age, while in Pinar del Rio 
only 7.4 per cent were above that age, and in Oriente only 9.3 per cent. Mea- 
sured in this way the provinces rank in the following order: 



PROVINCE OR CITV. 


Per cent 50 years 
of age and over. 


PROVINCE OR CITT. 


Per cent 50 years 
of age and over. 


Cuba 


10.0 








10 




12.7 
10.9 
10.6 




9.9 


CamagQey . . 


Oriente 


9.3 


City of Habana 


Pinar del Rio 


7.4 









The following table shows the proportions of native whites, foreign whites, 
and colored in each age group: 



PERSONS IN PRIME OF LIFE. 



163 



All ages. . . 

Under 1 year.. . . 
Under 5 years . . . 
5 to 9 years . . . 
10 to 14 years. . . 
15 to 19 years. . . 
20 to 24 years . . . 
25 to 29 years . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . 
35 to 39 years. . . 
40 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 49 years. . . 
50 to 54 years. . . 
65 to 59 years. . . 
60 to 64 years . . . , 
65 to 69 years. . . . 
70 to 74 years ... 
75 to 79 years ... 
80 years and over 



PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION. 



Native 
white. 



59.8 



72.8 
71.1 
66.7 
66.2 
61.9 
59.1 
55.9 
52.8 
52.8 
52.1 
53.1 
49.3 
48.4 
42.0 
43.5 
36.4 
39.6 
27.3 



Foreign 
white. 



Colored. 



9.9 



30.3 



0.3 

0.8 

1.7 

2.6 

7.4 

12.5 

17.1 

21.1 

18.9 

17.9 

17.3 

16.2 

16.7 

13.5 

14.9 

11.0 

13.2 

7.4 



26.9 
28.1 
31.6 
31.2 
30.7 
28.4 
27.0 
26.1 
28.3 
30.0 
29.6 
34.5 
34.9 
44.5 
41.6 
52.6 
47.2 
65.3 



The proportion of the native whites diminished quite constantly from the 
youngest to the oldest; on the other hand the proportion of the colored varied 
slightly up to 50 years, and then increased rapidly. This results from two 
causes: the larger proportion of children among the native whites, and the 
tendency among the colored to exaggerate their ages. Of course, the latter 
cause, in so far as it was effective, has falsified the returns. 

The proportion of foreign whites increased from the youngest age group to 
that of 30 to 34 years, when it reached a maximum. 

PERSONS IN THE PRIME OF LIFE. 

The number of persons between the ages of 18 and 44 years was, in 1907, 
880,052. This was 43 per cent of the population. In 1899, the correspond- 
ing proportion was 42.3 per cent; there was, therefore, a slight but not signif- 
icant increase at the later census. In 1907, this class was composed of 54 per 
cent males and 46 per cent females — the large excess of males being accounted 
for by the presence in this age group of the majority of the foreign born, 
among which element of the population 4 out of 5 were of the male sex. 

The following table shows the proportion which this age group formed of 
the total population of each province and the city of Habana: 



PBOVINCE OR CITY. 


Per cent popula- 
tion from 18 to 
44 years of age 
form of total 
population. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Per cent popula- 
tion from 18 to 
44 years of age 
form of total 
population. 


Cuba 


43.0 








42.1 
42.7 
48.4 
61.7 


Oriente 


38.9 
39.6 
41.3 




Camagfley 




Finar del Rio 


City of Habana 







Habana city and province had the largest proportions, because of their lai^e 
number of foreign born. 



164 



POPULATION. 



The following table shows the distribution by sex of the population from 18 
to 45 years of age for each province and for the city of Habana: 





PROVINCE on CITY. 


PBB CENT 


OF TOTAL. 




Male. 


Female. 


Cuba 


54.0 


46.0 










61.5 
62.5 
64.5 
54.1 
55.1 
55.4 
65.9 


48.5 


Oriente 


47.5 




46.6 




46.9 


Pinar del Rio 


44.9 




44.6 


City of Uabana 


44.1 







Habana city contained the largest proportion of males, because of its large 
foreign bom population. 

CITIZENSHIP. 

The subject of citizenship is naturally divisible into two parts: the citizen- 
ship of the entire population, and that of the potential voters, males at least 
21 years of age. 

Total population. — The citizenship of the entire population is shown in 
the following table: 



CITIZENSHIP. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Total 


2.048,980 


100.0 










1,780,628 

228,138 

40,214 


86.9 




11.1 




2.0 







The following table summarizes the total population by citizenship and by 
sex, color, and nativity: 



COLOR AND NATIVITY' AND SEX. 



Total 

Males 

Females 

Native white. 

Males 

Females 

Foreign white 

Males 

Females 

Colored 

Males 

Females 



Total 
population. 



2,048,980 



1,074,882 
974,098 



1,224.639 



608,597 
615,942 

203.637 



163,014 
40.623 

620,804 



303,271 
317,533 



CITIZENSHIP. 



Cuban. 



1,780,628 



893,408 
887,220 



1,136,017 



571.692 
564,425 

43,289 



33,859 
9,430 

601,322 



287,957 
313,365 



Other and 
unknown. 



268,352 



181,474 
86,878 



88,522 



37.005 
51.517 



160.348 



129.155 
31.193 

19.482 



15.314 
4.168 



CITIZENSHIP. 



165 



in 



The following table shows the proportion of Cuban citizens and of all others 
the total population, distributed by color and nativity and by sex: 



COLOH AND NATIVTTT AND 3KX. 



Total 

Hales 

Females 

Native white . 

Males 

Females 

Foreign white 

Males 

Females 

Colored 

Males 

Females 



PEE CENT OF TOTAl. 
POPULATION. 



Cuban 
citizenship. 



86.9 



83.1 
91.1 



92.8 



93.9 
91.6 



21.3 



Other and 

unknown 

citizensliip. 



13.1 



16.9 
8.9 



7.2 



6.1 

8.4 



78.7 



20.8 
23.2 



96.9 



79.2 
76.8 



3.1 



95.0 
98.7 



5.0 
1.3 



Of the total population, nearly seven-eights were Cuban citizens. The pro- 
portion of males was smaller, since about four-fifths of the immigrant aliens 
were males. More than nine-tenths of the females were Cuban citizens. Of 
the native white, about eleven-twelfths were Cubans. Here the proportion of 
Cuban citizenship was greater among males than among females. Of the 
foreign w^hites, only about one-fifth were of Cuban citizenship. 

Of all the elements of the population, the colored showed the largest pro- 
portion of Cuban citizenship, only 3.1 per cent being aliens. In the case of the 
males, because of the inclusion of the alien Chinese, the proportion of aliens 
was greater, 5 out of every hundred being aliens, but of the females, only 13 
in a thousand were of other than Cuban citizenship. 

The following table shows the per cent distribution by age of those of Cuban 
and those of other citizenship, for the total population, for the males, and for 
the females, by nativity: 



166 



POPULATION. 



Total 

Under 5 years. . . 

5 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years 

15 to 24 vears 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

46 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

(56 years and over 



Total 

Under 5 years . . . 

5 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years 

15 to 24 vears 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

65 to 64 years 

65 years and over 



Total 

Under 5 years . . . 

6 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years 

16 to 24 years. ... 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years. . .. 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over 



Total 

Under 5 years . . . 

5 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 64 years 

56 to 64 years 

65 years and over 



rSR CCNT DISTBIBOnON. 



Both sexes. 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



Other 
and un- 
known 
citizen- 
ship. 



100.0 




100.0 



19.2 

11.8 

9.5 

23.4 

14.7 

10.1 

6.5 

3.1 

1.7 



100.0 



0.5 

1.2 

1.6 

9.1 

27.9 

24.8 

17.9 

10.4 

6.6 



100.0 



15.8 

11.5 

9.3 

22.7 

13.6 

10.6 

7.7 

4.8 

4.0 



Males. 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



Other 
and un- 
l(nown 
citizen- 
ship. 



Females. 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



TOTAL POPULATION. 



100.0 



11.1 

7.5 

6.2 

23.9 

22.0 

14.0 

8.1 

4.6 

2.6 



100.0 



17.7 

11.6 

9.4 

22.0 

14.8 

10.9 

7.4 

3.8 

2.4 



100.0 



8.4 

5.7 

4.9 

25.2 

23.7 

15.1 

8.8 

5.3 

2.9 



100.0 



17.4 

11.4 

9.1 

23.6 

14.5 

10.3 

7.0 

3.9 

2.8 



KATIVB WHITE POPULATION. 



100.0 



29.3 

17.9 
13.6 
21.0 
8.7 
5.1 
2.9 
1.1 
0.4 



100.0 



19.4 

11.9 

9.7 

22.7 

14.8 

10.4 

6.8 

2.9 

1.4 



100.0 



35.7 

21.9 

16.3 

20.6 

2.8 

1.1 

0.9 

0.4 

0.3 



100.0 



18.9 

11.7 

9.3 

24.1 

14.6 

9.7 

6.3 

3.3 

2.1 



FOREIGN WHITE POPULATION. 



100.0 



1.6 

2.1 

2.5 

26.7 

29.9 

19.3 

10.9 

4.8 

2.2 



100.0 

T.3 

0.9 

1.0 

7.9 

29.0 

26.0 

18.5 

10.3 

6.1 



100.0 



1.1 

1.4 

2.0 

28.2 

30.4 

19.6 

11.0 

4.5 

1.8 



100.0 



1.2 

2.6 

3.6 

13.6 

24.0 

20.6 

15.5 

10.8 

8.4 



COLORED POPULATION.' 



100.0 



6.3 

4.6 

3.8 

13.8 

17.4 

10.5 

8.5 

19.2 

16.0 



100.0 



16.5 

12.2 

9.8 

22.2 

13.1 

10.0 

7.4 

4.7 

4.1 



100.0 



4.1 

2.9 

2.4 

11.0 

17.5 

10.4 

9.1 

23.6 

19.0 



100.0 



15.1 

11.2 

8.8 

23.0 

14.1 

11.2 

7.9 

4.8 

3.9 



Other 
and un- 
known 
citizen- 
ship. 



^Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



Among the provinces there were considerable differences in the distribution 
by citizenship of the total population, as shown on the following page: 



CITIZENSHIP. 



167 



PROVINCE OR CITY. 



Cuba.. . 

Caraagtiey .... 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio . . 

Matanzas , 

Santa Clara ... 

Habana 

City of Habana 



PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION. 



Cuban 
citizenship. 



86.9 



91.3 
90.9 
90.2 
89.2 
87.0 
80.0 
72.6 



Spanish 
citizenship. 



11.1 



7.1 

6.7 

8.9 

8.7 

11.7 

17.4 

23.9 



Other and 

unknown 
citizenship. 



2.0 



1.6 
2.4 
0.9 
2.1 
1.3 
2.6 
3.5 



The proportion of Cuban citizens was highest in Camagiiey and lowest in 
Habana city, the low proportion in the city being the result of the presence 
there of large numbers of immigrants. The largest proportion of aliens was 
found, naturally, in Habana city. 

The following table gives the relative composition as regards citizenship, of 
the race and nativity groups of the population of the proAnnces and the city 
of Habana: 





PER CENT OP TOTAL 
POPULATION. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Cuban 
citizenship. 


Other and 

unknown 

citizenship. 




NATXVB WHITl 


: POPULATION. 


Cuba 


92.8 


7.2 






Camagtley ' 


95.6 
94.9 
93.2 
92.6 
91.6 
91.3 
87.3 


4.4 


Oriente 


5.1 


Pinar del RIo 


6.8 


Matanzas 


7.4 


Santa Clara 


8.4 


Habana 


8.7 


City of Habana 


12.7 








FOREIGN WHIT 


E POPULATION. 


Cuba 


21.3 


78.7 






Matanzas 


29.2 
24.5 
24.1 
21.3 
20.9 
18.9 
14.7 


70.8 


Pinar del RIo 


75.6 


Camagtley 


75.9 


Santa Clara 


78.7 


Habana 


79.1 


City of Habana 


81.1 


Oriente 


85.3 








COLORED POPULATION.^ 


Cuba 


96.9 


3.1 






Pinar del RIo 


99.1 
98.0 
97.0 
96.8 
96.2 
96.0 
96.4 


0.9 


CamagQev 


2.0 


Santa Clara 


3.0 


Oriente 


3.2 


Habana 


3.8 


Matanzas 


4.0 


City^of Habana 


4.6 







'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



168 



POPULATION. 



The largest proportion of Cuban citizens among the native white population 
was in Camaguey and the smallest in Habana province and city. In the latter 
about one-eighth of the whites born in Cuba were aliens. 

The province whose foreign born inhabitants had, to the largest extent, 
adopted Cuban citizenship was Matanzas, and the one in which the greatest 
proportion had remained aliens was Oriente. 

The proportion of Cuban citizens among the colored was everywhere very 
high, ranging from 95.4 per cent in Habana city to 99.1 per cent, or practically 
the entire number, in Pinar del Rfo. 

POPULATION 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 

The inhabitants of Cuba who were at least 21 years of age in 1907 num- 
bered 1,011,737, and formed about one-half (49.4 per cent) of the total popu- 
lation of the island. In 1899, this age group formed the same proportion of 
the population. In 1907, this group was composed of 551,639 males and 
460,098 females, the percentages for the two sexes being 54.6 and 45.4, respec- 
tively. The number of males of this age who were Cuban citizens was 430,514, 
of which number 420,576 were, according to Cuban laws, competent to vote. 
The number excluded from citizenship by the electoral law was 131,063, 
being composed of persons of foreign citizenship and the rural guards and 
others of Cuban birth. 

The following table shows the proportion which the members of this age 
group formed of the total population for each province and for the city of 
Habana: 



PROVINCE OB CITY. 


Per cent. 


PROVINCE OR CITT. 


Per cent. 


Cuba 


49.4 








51.4 
44.6 
44.6 
49.2 


CamajjUey 


47.0 
55.3 
58 9 




Habana 


Pinar del Rio 


City of Habana 


Santa Clara. 







The following table presents the relative distribution by sex, of the population 
21 years of age and over, for each province and for the city of Habana: 





PROVINCE OB CITT. 


PER CENT 

TION AT 

YEARS 


OP POPHLA- 
LEA8T 21 
OP AOE. 




Male. 


Female. 


Cuba 


54.5 


45 6 








CamapQey 


54.4 
54.6 
54.1 
53.4 
52.7 
56.9 
55.6 


45 6 


Habana 


45 4 


City of Habana 


45 9 


Matanzas 


46 6 


Oriente 


47 3 


Pinar del Rio 


43 1 


Santa Clara 


44 4 







MALES OF VOTING AGE. 



169 



MALES OF VOTING AGE. 

The total number of males of voting age was 551,639, this number being 
a little more than one-fourth (26.9 per cent) of the total population. In the 
United States in 1900 males of voting age formed a somewhat larger proportion 
(27.8 per cent) of the total population of that country. 

The following table presents the data concerning the citizenship and 
literacv of males of votinor age: 





MALES AT LEAST 21 YEARS OF AGE. 




CITIZENSHIP AND EDUCATION. 


All 
classes. 


White. 






Born in 
Cuba. 


Born in 
Spain. 


Born in 

Other 
countries. 


Colored.i 


Total 


551.639 


264,042 


127.882 


8.755 


150 960 






Cuban citizenship 


430,514 


260,331 


31.363 


992 


137 828 






Literate 


212,930 

217,584 

6,322 

2,296 

4,026 

121,125 


138,466 

121,865 

5,559 

1,951 

3.608 

3,711 


22.472 

8.891 

520 

241 

279 

96.519 


804 

188 

90 

32 

58 

7,763 


51.188 


Illiterate 


86 640 


Degrees received 


153 


Academic 


72 


Professional 


81 


Other and unknown citizenship 


13,132 


Literate 


89,217 

31,908 

1,396 

621 

775 


3,094 

617 

215 

93 

122 


75.343 

21.176 

622 

323 

299 


6,500 

1.263 

540 

194 

346 


4,280 


Illiterate 


8,852 


Degrees received 


19 


Academic 


11 


Professional 


s 








PROVINCE OF CAMAOUET. 


Total 


30,257 


18,940 


5.113 


636 


5 568 






Cuban citizenship 


25,540 


18,722 


1.452 


69 


5,297 




Literate 


14,419 
11,121 

293 
18 

275 

4,717 


10,752 

7,970 

256 

14 

242 

218 


984 
468 

23 
2 

21 

3.661 


58 

11 

6 


2,626 

2,672 

8 

2 

6 

271 


Illiterate 


Degrees received 


Academic 


Professional 


6 
567 


Other and unknown citizenship 


Literate 


3,625 

1.092 

70 

13 

57 


195 
23 
10 


2,765 

896 

18 

6 

12 


541 

26 

42 

7 

36 


124 
147 


Illiterate 


Degrees received 


Academic 




Professional 


10 










PROVINCB OF HABANA. 


Total 


162,456 


71.084 


55.837 


3,579 


31,966 




Cuban citizenship 


113,070 


70,039 


14.053 


346 


28,632 




Literate 


75,617 

37,453 

3,088 

1.014 

2,074 

49.386 


48.532 
21.507 

2,745 
852 

1,893 

1.045 


11,453 

2,600 

248 

126 

122 

41,784 


315 
31 
45 
15 
30 

3.233 


15,317 

13,315 

50 

21 

29 

3,324 


Illiterate 


Degrees received 


Academic 


Professional 


Other and unknown citizenship 


Literate 


41,943 

7.443 

668 

320 

348 


972 
73 

118 
54 
64 


36,780 

5,004 

320 

169 

151 


2.918 

315 

225 

94 

131 


1.273 

2,051 

5 

3 

2 


Illiterate 


Degrees received 


Academic 


Professional 





12 



•Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



170 



POPULATION. 





HALES AT LEAST 21 TKARA OF AOE. 


CITIIKNSlllP AND KDUCATIOK. 


All 

classes. 


White. 




Born In 
Cuba. 


Born in 
Spain. 


Born in 

other 

countries. 


Colored.* 




CITT or HABANA. 


Total 


94,771 


32,324 


41.497 


2,537 


18,413 








57,370 


31,543 


9,515 


270 


16.042 








48,684 

8,686 

2,489 

812 

1,677 

37,401 


28,893 


8.616 


257 
13 
37 
12 
25 

2,267 


10,918 


Illiterate 


2.650 1 899 

2.193 1 213 

673 108 


5.124 


Degrees received 


46 


Academic 


10 




1,520 
781 


105 
31,982 


27 


Other and unknown citizenship 


2,371 


Literate 


33,290 

4,111 

575 

295 

280 


757 
24 

105 
49 
56 


29,501 

2,481 

280 

163 

117 


2.072 

195 

186 

81 

105 


960 


Illiterate 


1,411 


Degrees received 


4 


Academic 


2 




2 








PROVINCE OF MATANZA8. 


Total 


65,787 


29,046 


11,467 


491 


24,783 






Cuban citizenship 


54,086 


28,612 


3,585 


69 


21,820 






Literate 


23.525 

30,561 

759 

406 

353 

11,701 


15.526 

13,086 

668 

370 

298 

434 


2,154 

1,431 

61 

27 

34 

7,882 


47 

22 

8 

4 

4 

422 


5,798 


Illiterate 


16,022 




22 




6 




IT 


Other and unknown citizenship 


2.963 


Literate 


7,073 

4,628 

144 

85 

59 


354 
80 


5.851 
2.031 


296 

126 

49 

26 

23 


572 


Illiterate 


2.391 




24 ; '70 

15 i 43 

9 27 


1 


Academic 


1 












PROVINCE OF ORIENTE. 


Total 


106,905 


46,332 


16.620 


2,506 


41,447 






Cuban citizenship 


87,305 


45.710 


2.795 


319 


38 , 481 






Literate 


38,702 

48,603 

690 

275 

415 

19,600 


21,525 

24,185 

582 

219 

363 

622 


2.006 

789 

52 

26 

27 

13.825 


252 

67 

21 

8 

13 

2,187 


14,919 


Illiterate 


23,562 


Degreieii received 


35 


Academic 


23 


Professional 


12 


Other and unknown citizenship 


2,966 


Literate 


14,106 

5,494 

241 

92 

149 


571 
51 
25 

11 

' 14 

1 


10.155 

3.670 

67 

37 

30 


1.709 

478 

138 

37 

101 


1.671 


liliteTate 


1.295 


Degrees received 


11 


Academic 


7 


Professional 


4 







'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



MALES OF VOTING AGE. 



171 







MALES AT LEAST 21 TBAB8 OF AGE. 




CmZBNSHIP AND EDUCATION. 


All 
classes. 


White. 




Born in 
Cuba. 


Born in 
Spain. 


Born in 

other 

countries. 


Colored.' 






PROVINCE 


OP PINAB 


DEL Rfo. 




Total 


60,975 


35,383 


11,225 


678 


13 680 






Cuban citizenship 


51,200 


-34,793 


3.108 


69 


13 240 






Literate 


16,879 

34,321 

329 

112 

217 

9,775 


12,072 
22,721 

289 
91 

198 

590 


2,088 

1,020 

35 

19 

16 

8,117 


43 

16 

5 

2 

3 

619 


2 676 


Illiterate 


10 564 


Degrees received 




Academic 




Professional 




Other and unknown citizenship 


449 


Literate 


6,751 

3,024 

54 

21 

33 


352 

238 

5 

4 

1 


5,805 

2,312 

36 

14 

22 


443 
176 

13 
3 

10 


151 


Illiterate 


298 


Degrees received 




Academic 




Professional 












PROVING 


E OP SANTA 


CLARA. 




Total 


125,259 


63,257 


27,620 


865 


33 517 






Cuban citizenship 


99,313 


62,455 


6,370 


130 


30 358 






Literate 


43,788 

55,525 

1,163 

471 

692 

25,946 


30,059 

32,396 

1,019 

405 

614 

802 


3,787 

2,583 

101 

42 

59 

21,250 


89 

41 

5 

3 

2 

735 


9 853 


Illiterate 


20 505 


Degrees received 


38 


Academic 


21 


Professional 


17 


Other and unknown citizenship 


3,169 


Literate 


15,719 
10,227 

219 
90 

129 


650 

152 

33 

9 

24 


13,987 

7,263 

111 

54 

57 


593 

142 
73 
27 
46 


489 


Illiterate 


2 670 


Degrees received 


2 


Academic 




Professional 


2 







1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana, first, 
the proportion which males of voting age bear to the total population and 
second, the proportion which Cuban citizens bear to the total population: 





PER CENT OF TOTAL 
POPULATION. 


PROVINCE OK CITY. 


Males at 

least 21 years 

of age. 


Male Cuban 

citizens at 

least 21 years 

of age. 


Total 


26.9 


21 






Camagtley 


25.6 
30.2 
31.9 
27.4 
23.5 
25.4 
27.4 


21 6 


Habana 


21 


City of Habana 


19 3 


Matanzas 


22 6 


Oriente 


19 2 


Plnar del Rfo 


21 3 


Santa Clara 


21 7 







172 



POPULATION. 



The smallest proportions of males of votin<» a<2;e were found in those pro\inces 
where the increase of population was the most raj)icl and where presumably the 
proportion of children was greatest, and the largest proportions were in the 
metropolis and its province, as a result of the presence in the more populous 
center of large numbers of foreign born adults. 

The smallest proportions of Cuban citizens to the total population were 
found in Oriente and in Habana city. In Oriente the reason for the small 
proportion is the large number of children, while in Habana city the very 
cause which produced a large proportion of males 21 years and over, caused 
a small proportion of Cuban citizens, namely, the presence of large numbers of 
foreign born. The largest proportion was in Matanzas province, where families 
were small and the rate of increase of population low. 

Color and nativity. — The males of voting age in Cuba in 1907 were dis- 
tributed as follows by color and nativity: 





MALES AT LEAST 21 TEARS 
OP AOE. 




Number. 


Per cent 
distribution. 


Total 


551,639 


100.0 






White: 

Born in Cuba 


264,042 

127.882 

8,755 

150,960 


47.8 


Born in Spain 


23.2 


Born in other countries 


1.6 


Colored 


27.4 







Nearly three-fourths of the males of voting age were white, and nearly one- 
half were native white. The colored formed a little more than one-fourth and 
the whites of Spanish birth, a little less than one-fourth. 

Of the total number of males of voting age, 430,514, or 78.0 per cent, were 
Cuban citizens. These were distributed as follows by color and nativity: 





MALE COBAN CITIZENS AT 
LEAST 21 YEAHS OF AOE. 




Number. 


Per cent 
distribution. 


Total 


430.514 


100.0 






White: 

Born in Cuba 


260.331 

31,363 

992 

137.828 


60.6 


Born in Spain 


7.3 


Born in other countries •. 


0.2 


Colored 


32.0 







Three-fifths of all Cuban citizens were native whites, and nearly one-third 
were colored, while practically all of the remainder were of Spanish birth. 
The natives of other countries had become naturalized in Cuba to only a 
trifling extent. 

Males of voting age who were of other than Cuban citizenship numbered 



MALES OF VOTING AGE. 



173 



121,125 and formed 22 per cent of all males of voting age. They were dis- 
tributed as follows by color and nativity: 



COLOR AND NATIVITY. 



Total 

White: 

Born in Cuba 

Born in Spain 

Born in other countries 
Colored 



MALE AUKNS AT LEA8T 
21 TEARS OF AGE. 



Number. 



121,125 



3,711 
96.519 

7,763 
13,132 



Per cent 
distribution. 



100.0 



3.1 

79.7 

6.4 

10.8 



Almost all 



Naturally the greater part of the aliens were of Spanish birth. 
of the alien colored were Chinese. 

^I^The following table shows the proportions which the aliens of each of the 
above elements of the population bore to the total population of voting age 
of that element: 



COLOR AND NATIVITY. 



Total 

White: 

Born in Cuba 

Born in Spain 

Born in other countries 
Colored 



Per cent male 
aliens form of 

total male 

population at 

least 21 years 

of age. 



22.0 



1.4 
75.5 

88.7 
8.7 



Almost all, 98.6 per cent, of the native whites had remained Cuban citizens 
and more than nine-tenths of the colored owed allegiance to this island. Of 
the Spanish born, less than one-fourth had become naturalized in Cuba; and 
of white persons of other birth the proportion was still smaller. 

The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana the 
composition of the males of voting age, as regards nativity and race: 



PROVINCE OR CITY. 



Total. . . 

CamagOey 

Habana 

City of Habana 

Matanzas 

Orienle 

Pinar del Rio. . 
Santa Clara 



PER CENT OP MALE POPULATION AT LEAST 21 TEARS OF AQB. 



White. 



Born in 
Cuba. 



47.8 

62.6 
43.7 
34.1 
44.2 
43.3 
58.0 
60.5 



Born in 
Spain. 



23.2 

16.9 
34.4 
43.8 
17.4 
15.5 
18.4 
22.0 



Born in 
other countries. 



1.6 

2.1 
2.2 
2.7 
0.7 
2.4 
1.1 
0.7 



Colored.! 



27.4 

18.4 
19.7 
19.4 
37.7 
38.8 
22.5 
26.8 



> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



174 



POPULATION. 



It is notable that in Ilabana city natives of Spain were the largest class and 
outnumbered even the white Cubans. The proportion of white Cubans was 
greatest in Canuifjiiey and least in Habana city; that of Spaniards was greatest 
in the city and least in Oriente; that of other foreign born was greatest in the 
city and least in Matanzas and Santa Clara; and the colore<i were most 
numerous in Oriente and Matanzas and least numerous in Caraagiiey. 

The following table shows, for each pro\ince and for Habana city, the com- 
position of the body of Cuban citizens, as regards nativity and race: 





PER CENT OF MALE CUBAN CITIZENS AT LEAST 21 


TEARS or AOB. 


PROVINCE OR CITV. 




White. 






Born in 
Cuba. 


Born in 
Spain. 


Born in 
other countries. 


Colored.! 


Total 


60.5 


7.3 


0.2 


32.0 


CamagQev 


73.3 
62.0 
55.0 
52.9 
52.4 
67.9 
62.9 


5.7 
12.4 
16.6 
6.6 
3.2 
6.1 
6.4 


0.3 
0.3 
0.5 
0.1 
0.4 
0.1 
0.1 


20.7 


Habana 


25.8 


Cltv of Habana 


27.0 


Matanzas 


40.4 


Oriente 


44.0 


Pinar del Rfo 


25.0 


Santa Clara 


30.6 







> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

The largest proportion of white Cubans was in Camagiiey, and the smallest 
proportions in Oriente and Matanzas provinces, in which the colored were the 
most numerous. The largest proportion of natives of Spain was naturally in 
Habana city, where it was more than double that of any province except Ha- 
bana, and more than double the proportion in that proAance exclusive of the 
city. 

The following table shows for each province and for Habana city the com- 
position of the aliens, as regards nativity and race: 





PER CENT OP MALE ALIENS AT LEAST 21 TEARS OF AGE. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


White. 






Born in 
Cuba. 


Born in 
Spain. 


Born in 
other countries. 


Colored.* 


Cuba 


3.1 


79.7 


6.4 


10 8 






CamapOev 


4.6 
2.1 
2.1 
3.7 
3.2 
6.0 
3.1 


77.6 
84.6 
85.5 
67.4 
70.5 
83.1 
81.9 


12.0 
6.6 
6.1 
3.6 

11.2 
6.3 
2.8 


6 8 


Habana.' 


6.7 


City of Habana 


6.3 


Matanzas 


25 3 


Oriente 


15.1 

4.6 

12 2 


Pinar del Rio 


Santa Clara 







> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



Naturally white Cuban-born aliens formed small proportions of the total 
number of aliens, while the natives of Spain formed by far the greater part. 
In Matanzas province, where the Spaniards were found in smallest proportion, 
they formed over two-thirds of all the aliens; the largest proportion, that for 



LITERACY OF MALES OF VOTING AGE. 



175 



Habana city, was about six-sevenths of the total. The colored aliens were 
most numerous, proportionally, in Matanzas, where they formed one-fourth of 
the total number of aliens, and least numerous in Pinar del Rio, where they 
formed less than one-twentieth of the total. 

Literacy. — The following table shows the proportion of literate among the 
Cuban and alien males of voting age, classified by color and nativity: 





PER CENT LITEKATB AMONG MALES AT 
LEAST 21 YEARS OF AOE. 


COLOR AND NATIVITY. 


Total. 


Cuban 
citizenship. 


Other and 

unknown 

citizenship. 


Cuba 


54.8 


49.5 


73.7 






White: 

Born in Cuba 


53.6 
76.5 
83.4 
36.7 


53.2 
71.6 
81.2 
37.3 


83.4 


Born in Spain 


78.1 


Born in other countries 


83.7 


Colored 


32.7 







While a little more than one-half of all of the males of voting age were liter- 
ate, the proportion of literate among the whites born in Spain and other foreign 
countries was much higher. There was, moreover, a surprisingly high percent- 
age of literacy among the native Cubans who had adopted foreign citizenship. 
Probably most of these were Cubans who had been educated in foreign lands. 
The percentage of literates is higher in the case of aliens than in the case of 
Cuban citizens, for every class except the colored, where it is notably less. 

In the 19 cities having a population of at least 8,000 inhabitants each there 
were 118,586 male Cuban citizens of voting age. Of these, 93,268 were able to 
read, this number forming 78.7 per cent of the total, which indicates a very 
high degree of literacy. In the rest of the island, which may be regarded as the 
rural part, the number of such citizens was 311,928, and the number of literates 
among them, 119,662. The percentage of literacy in the rural districts was 
only 38.4 per cent, being in striking contrast with the corresponding figure for 
the cities. 

The following table presents for the urban and rural districts of each province 
the percentages of literacy among male Cuban citizens of voting age : 





PROVINCE. 


PER CENT LITERATE AMONG M.^LB 

CUBAN CITIZENS AT LEAST 

21 YEARS OF AOB. 




Cities havinK 
8,000 or more 
inhabitants. 


Rural 
districts. 


Total 


78.7 






38.4 








Habana 


82.8 
81.6 
79.3 
72.8 
67.3 
66.9 






56.3 


Camagtiey 


49.6 


Oriente 


61.7 


Santa Clara . . 


62.4 


Pinar del Rio 


68.4 


Matanzas 


64.8 







176 



POPULATION. 



The highest urban literacy was in Habana, which was followed closely by 
Camagiiey. The lowest proportions of literates in the cities were in Matanzas 
and Pinar del Ilfo. The rural literacy was greatest in Pinar del Rio and least 
in Cainagiiey, where less than one-half the voters could read. In every province 
except Pinar del Rfo literacy was greater in the cities than in the country. 

The following table shows for each city of more than 8,000 inhabitants the 
proportion of literates among male Cuban citizens of voting age: 



CTTT HAVINO AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent 
Uterate. 


CITY HAVINO AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent 
literate. 




84.8 
82.9 
81.6 
78.3 
77.3 
75.4 
76.1 
73.5 
73.1 
71.6 


Trinidad 


71.6 


Santiago de Cuba 


Calbari6n 


71.3 


CamagQey 


C&rdenas 


69.1 




Marianao 


68.2 


Cienfuegos 


Pinar del Rio 


67.3 






65.0 




San Antonio de los Baflos 

GUines 


63.0 


Santa Clara 


59.7 


Matanzas 


Jovelianos 


41.7 













Ed-iication. — Of male Cuban citizens of voting age, 6,322 held degrees in- 
dicating college or technical education. Of these, 2,296 were academic degrees 
and 4,026 were professional degrees. The following table shows the proportion 
of persons holding degrees among the Cuban and alien males of voting age, 
classified by color and nativity: 





PBK CENT OF MALES AT LEAST 21 TEABS 
OF AOE WITH DEQKEES. 


COLOR AND NATIVITT. 


Total. 


Cuban 
citizenship. 


Other and 
unknown 
citizenship. 


Total 


1.4 


1.5 


1.2 






White: 

Born in Cuba 


2.2 
0.9 
7.2 
0.1 


2.1 
1.7 
9.2 
0.1 


5.8 


Born in Spain 


0.8 


Born in other countries 


7.0 


Colored 


0.1 







The proportion of those who had received higher education was greater 
among the native white Cubans than for any other class except the whites 
of other countries. 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



A natural family, as distinguished from groups of persons called families 
by the census, usually originates when a man and a woman begin to live to- 
gether and apart from their kindred. If the man or woman goes to live with 
the kindred of the other party, the census does not regard this as a new family. 
Under American law such a commencement of cohabitation is usually pre- 
ceded by an expression of social approval of the union in the form of a mai> 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 177 

riage ceremony, ci^^l or religious. American legislation tends to encourage 
such public announcement of the intent of the parties by making the ceremony 
easy and inexpensive. American courts also incline to hold parties married, 
if they were legally able to marry and intended to do so, even though they did 
not meet all the requirements of the law. For example, emancipated slaves in 
the United States have usually been held to be married to the persons with 
whom they were cohabiting and the court has not insisted that a marriage 
ceremony should be proved. The Spanish law, on the contrary, like the law 
of most Catholic countries, holds a ceremony of marriage to be necessary to 
institute a lawful relation of husband and wife, and under its provisions the 
intent of the parties is by no means so decisive a factor as it is under Ameri- 
can jurisprudence. 

A class of persons has been recognized by the Cuban census who would not 
be legally husband and wife, or legally parent and child, under Spanish law, 
but who would in most cases be so considered under American law. These 
are persons who were living together as man and wife without legal sanction of 
their union, and also the children of such persons. The classes which appear 
are (1) the single, within which is included every one who has never been 
lawfully married and who was not living without legal sanction as the hus- 
band or wife of another; (2) the legally married, or those living together in 
lawful wedlock; (3) consensually married, or those living together by mutual 
consent but without sanction of law as husband and wife; and (4) the 
widowed, or those who had been lawfully married, but whose marriage had 
been ended by the death of the other. 

The following is a summary of the conjugal condition of the people of Cuba: 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



Total 

Single 

Married 

Consensually married. 
Widowed 



Number. 



2,048.980 



1,369,476 

423,537 

176,509 

79,458 



Per cent 
distribution. 



100.0 



66.8 

20.7 

8.6 

3.9 



The married. — The number of married persons in Cuba in 1907 was 
423,537, or 20.7 per cent of the population. In 1899 the proportion was 15.7 
per cent; in 1861, 16.5 per cent; and in 1841, only 8 per cent. Thus there 
was in 1907 a much larger proportion of the population reported as married 
than ever before. It was also larger than the proportions so reported in 
Porto Rico and Jamaica in 1899 (16.6 per cent and 18.6 per cent, respectively), 
but less than the proportions reported so in the United States in 1900 (36.5 per 
cent) and in Spain in the same year (37.7 per cent). Indeed, nearly every 
country of Europe has a higher proportion of its population married than 
Cuba has. It must be remembered, however, that in Cuba there is another 
element to be added, the consensually married, to make these comparisons 



178 



POPULATION. 



entirely just. Moreover, as has been shown, the population contains a very 
large proportion of yt)ung children, which, of course, tends to reduce the propor- 
tion of married in the total population. 

The proportion of married to population differed in the different provinces 
as follows: 



PROVINCE. 



Cuba . . . 

Habana 

CamagQey 

Santa Clara. . . 
City of Habana 
Pinar del Rio.. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 



Number 
married. 



423,537 



124,166 
26,316 

101,725 
6.5,336 
47,943 
4t5,013 
77,374 



Per cent. 



20.7 



23.1 
22.3 
22.2 
22. Q 
19.9 
10.2 
17.0 



Oriente, where the proportion of young children was very large, and, as will 
be seen later, the proportion of consensual marriages was also large, had the 
smallest proportion of married in its population, while Habana had the largest 
proportion. The reason for the dift'erences among the above proportions will 
be developed farther on. 

Whether the married persons in Cuba were more numerous in cities or in 
country districts is shown by the following table : 





Total 
popula- 
tion. 


MARRIED. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Total 


2,048,980 


423,537 


20.7 






Nineteen cities 


619,835 
1,429,145 


129,029 
294,508 


20.8 


Rest of Cuba 


20.6 







The difference in the proportions is too slight to be significant. An analysis 
by provinces, however, brings out differences not shown in considering Cuba 
as a whole. The following table shows these proportions by provinces and 
brings out differences which were hidden in the summary: 





PROVINCE. 


PER CENT MARRIED. 






In urban 
districts. 


In rural 

districts. 


Cuba 


20.8 




20.6 








CamagQey 


22.2 
21.9 
20.0 
19.8 
18.7 
18.6 




22.3 


Habana 


25.1 


Santa Clara 


22.8 


Pinar del Rfo 


20.0 


Matanzas 


19.4 


Oriente 


16.7 







CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



179 



In every province except Oriente the proportions of the population married 
were greater in the rural districts, the differences between them ranging from 
trifling proportions up to 2.8 per cent in Santa Clara and 3.2 per cent in Ha- 
bana. In Oriente the proportion in cities was decidedly greater. 

The 19 larger cities of Cuba stood as follows as to the proportion which the 
married formed of the total population: 



CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent. 
20.8 


CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent. 




Guanabacoa 


19.7 






19.6 


San Antonio de los Bailos 


24.8 
24.2 
22.2 
22.0 
21.3 
21.0 
20.4 
19.8 
19.7 




19.6 


Santiago de Cuba 


19.6 




Santa Clara 


19.5 




Trinidad 


19.5 




Matanzas 


18.9 




Giiantanamo 


18.4 




Sagua la Grande 


17.6 




Jovellanos 


13.5 















The above shows 6 cities with greater percentages of married than the 
average for Cuba and 13 with smaller percentages. The first group contains 
Habana, with its suburb, Marianao, and the considerable city of Camagiiey. 
The second group contains most of the second class cities of the island, including 
Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, and others. There is 
no apparent relation between the size of the city and the proportion that the 
married form of the total population. 

Of the married, 217,511 were males and 206,026 were females. This excess 
of married men over married momen, 11,485, or 5.3 per cent of the married 
men, is to be accounted for by the presence of married immigrants, who have 
left their wives behind them. Following are the numbers of married men and 
married women in each province with the excess of one over the other: 



PROVINCE. 



Cuba. . 

Camagtley .. . . 

Habana 

Matanzas . . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 
Santa Clara . . 



Men. 



217.511 

13,467 
64,733 
23,267 
39,539 
24,656 
51,849 



Women. 



206,026 

12,849 
59,433 
22,746 
37,835 
23,287 
49,876 



Excess of 
men. 



11,485 



618 
5.300 

521 
1.704 
1.369 
1.973 



Nearly half of the excess of married men was in Habana pro^^nce. In 1899, 
the excess of married men over married women was only 4,783, or 3.8 per cent 
of the married men, while in 1861 it was 7,203, or 6.1 per cent of the married 
men. 



180 



POPULATION. 



It is commonly assumed that marriage does not begin with either sex below 
the age of 15. By this census 8G persons only, 4 males and 82 females, below 
that age were reported as married. If children under that age be excluded, 
the proportion between those of marriageable age and those married becomes 
much more significant. This is shown below with similar figures for Cuba and 
Porto Rico in 1899 and for the United States in 1900 for comparison: 



CODNTRY AND CENSD8. 



Per cent married 
form of popula- 
tion at least 15 
years of age. 



Cuba. 1907 

Cuba, 1899 

Porto Rico. 1899... 
United States. 1900 



32.6 
24.7 
29.6 
55.5 



The elimination of the large numbers of young children in Cuba in 1907 
greatly increases the proportion. 

The following table shows the per cent of the population 15 years of age and 
over which is married in each age group in comparison with similar per cents 
for Cuba in 1899 and for the United States in 1900: 





PER CENT MARRIED 




.*.OE. 


Cuba. 


United States. 




1907 


1899 


1900 


Total 


32.6 


24.7 


55.5 






15 to 19 years 


5.8 
24.8 
41.7 
49.9 
49.1 
42.1 
30.0 
16.7 

8.3 


3.2 
15.4 
28.8 
37.1 
39.3 
33.0 
24.0 
14.9 

9.4 


6.0 


20 to 24 vears 


34.2 


25 to 29 vears 


60.6 


30 to 34 vears 


73.5 




79.2 




78.3 


55 to 64 vears 


70.4 


65 vears and over 


50.8 




32.8 







From the above it appears that in no age group were as many as half the 
people married, the highest proportion being in the age group 30 to 34 years, 
in which 49.9 per cent of the people were married. The proportions for 1907 
were, however, much larger than the corresponding proportions in Cuba in 
1899, when the highest proportion was 39.3 per cent for the age group 35 to 44 
years. The proportion was smaller than the corresponding proportion in the 
United States in 1900, in every age group, and in several age groups, particu- 
larly the older ones, the proportions were much smaller. In the youngest age 
group, 15 to 19 years, they approached the United States figures most closely, 
being but slightly less. The proportion of the total married in this age group 
in Cuba in 1907 was much greater than it was in 1899, the proportions 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



181 



being 3.2 per cent and 2.4 per cent, respectively. In the United States in 1900 
the corresponding proportion was still less, namely, 1.7 per cent. 

The following table shows what proportion of the total number of married 
was in each age group in Cuba in 1907 and in 1899: 



PER CENT DISTRIBUTION 
OF TOTAL MARRIED. 



1907 


1899 


3.2 


2.4 


13.7 


9.5 


18.2 


16.0 


15.9 


17.9 


26.2 


29.5 


14.9 


15.7 


5.8 


6.7 


2.1 


2.3 



15 to 19 years. . . 
20 to 24 years. . . 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 54 years. . . , 
55 to 64 years. . . 
65 years and over 



The largest proportion in any 5-year age group was in that of 25 to 29 years. 
From that age on, there was a steady decline in the proportion of married. 
Comparison with the figures of 1899 show that in 1907 the married were rela- 
tively more numerous at ages up to 29 years and less numerous at more ad- 
vanced ages. 

The following table shows by provinces the per cent of adults (15 years and 
over) who were married, both in 1907 and in 1899 : 





PROVINCE OR CITT. 


PER CENT MARRIED FORMED 

OF TOTAL POPULATION 

AT LEAST 15 YEARS 

OF AGE. 




1907 


1899 


Cuba 


32.5 




24.7 








Camagtley 


35.9 
35.1 
34.2 
33.4 
30.1 
29.4 
28.6 




34.1 


Santa Clara 


25.0 


Pinar del Rio 


25.8 


Habana 


26.3 


City of Habana 


24.8 


Matanzas 


20.5 


Oriente 


21.8 







A wide range is noticeable from Camaguey down to Oriente. In every pro- 
vince the proportion is greater than it was in 1899 and in some cases startlingly 
so. One-third of all persons of 15 years of age and over were married, as 
compared with one-fourth eight years earlier. 

It is a well known fact that in the great majority of marriages the man is older 
than the woman. To obtain a measure of this difference in age, it is necessary 
to analyze the figures of conjugal condition by sex and compute the average 
ages of married men and married women. The average Cuban husband was 
40 years of age, the average wife 33 years. There is thus a difference of seven 
years between them. 



182 



POPULATION. 



The following table gives the proportion which the married of each sex in 
each age group bore to the total population of that group. Corresponding 
figures from the census of 1899 are introduced for comparison. 



16 to 19 years 

20 to 24 vears 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years.. . . 
65 years and over 
Unknown 



put CENT MARHTBD. 



1907 



Males. 



0.4 
11.6 
35.1 
48.3 
62.6 
50.6 
39.7 
26.4 

9.0 



Females. 



11.0 
40.2 
49.4 
51.8 
44.8 
31.7 
18.8 
7.7 
7.4 



1800 



Males. 



0.2 
6.6 
20.0 
34.3 
42.1 
30.4 
31.6 
23.1 
10.6 



Females. 



6.0 
25.9 
38.8 
40.4 
35.8 
25.3 
16.0 
6.7 
7.2 



The per cent of males married in the age group 20 to 24 years was but 
slightly different from the per cent of females married in the age group 15 to 19 
years. The agreement is not so close in the next periods, but the per cent of 
males married in the age group 30 to 34 years accords closely with the per cent 
of females married in the next younger age group. The maximum per cent of 
males who were married was in the age group 35 to 44 years, while for females 
it was in the age group 30 to 34 years. 

The follo^ving table shows by provinces and age groups the per cent of males 
and females who were married: 









PER 


CENT HARRIED. 






AGE. 


















CamagQey. 


Habana. 


Habana 
city. 


Matanzas. 


Oriente. 


Pinar del 
Rio. 


Santa 
Clara. 




MALES. 


15 to 19 years. . . 


0.4 


0.3 


0.3 


0.4 


0.5 


0.3 


0.4 


20 to 24 years. . . 


11.8 


9.7 


8.1 


11.4 


13.9 


11.0 


12.0 


25 to 29 years. . . 


39.2 


32.5 


27.2 


34.6 


.35.6 


36.0 


37.3 


30 to 34 years . . . 


52.1 


47.3 


42.1 


47.6 


45.0 


49.0 


51.0 


35 to 44 years. . . 


59.3 


53.8 


50.0 


48.6 


46.3 


53.8 


55.9 


45 to 54 years . . . 


60.0 


53.0 


52.5 


42.9 


44.0 


52.6 


53.3 


55 to 64 years . . . 


51.6 


44.2 


45.2 


28.0 


38.5 


43.3 


38.5 


65 years and ove 


r 30.3 


30.3 


31.7 


15.4 


29.6 


28.2 


21.2 




FEMALES. 


15 to 19 vears. . , 


9.7 


9.6 


7.0 


9.9 


10.6 


12.9 


13.0 


20 to 24 years . . . 


41.1 


.38.0 


31.5 


36.6 


37.8 


43.7 


44.9 


25 to 29 years. . . 


54.5 


50.0 


43.7 


46.6 


42.5 


60.2 


55.0 


30 to 34 years . . . 


60.9 


52.6 


47.0 


47.0 


44.4 


50.8 


57.4 


35 to 44 years. . . 


54.8 


45.7 


41.4 


40.2 


37.4 


47.7 


49.6 


45 to 54 years . . . 


42.3 


31.9 


29.7 


26.3 


27.3 


35.9 


34.6 


55 to 64 years. . . 


29.4 


18.4 


16.5 


16.0 


16.2 


23.0 


18.8 


65 years and ove 


r 12.2 


7.8 


6.8 


5.8 


7.3 


9.7 


7.4 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



183 



Of males, the highest proportions of married at ages 15 to 19 and 20 to 24 
were in Oriente; at all other ages the highest proportions were in Camagiiey, 
The highest proportion in any age group was in Camagiiey, at ages 45 to 54. 
The highest in Habana and Habana city were in the same age group, while in 
the other four provinces the maximum proportion was in the next younger age 
group, 35 to 44 years. The smallest proportions in the youngest age groups 
were in Habana and Habana city, and in the older age group in Matanzas. 
Of females, the highest proportions of married up to 30 years of age were in 
Santa Clara. At more advanced ages the highest proportions were in 
Camagiiey. The lowest proportion in the age group 15 to 19 years was in 
Habana city and in the age group above 65 years it was in Matanzas. 

The highest proportion of married males was at about the age of 45, except 
in Matanzas and Oriente where it was apparently 10 years earlier. Among 
women, the maximum proportion was at about the age of 30, except in Habana 
city, where it was apparently a little older, say about 32 years. 

Not nearly so large a proportion of the colored were married as of the whites, 
as is shown below: 





Total 
population. 


MARRIED. 


COLOR. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Total 


2,048,980 


423,537 


20.7 






White 


1,428,176 
620,804 


363,820 
59,717 


25.4 


Colored ... 


9.6 







The proportion of colored who were married was but little more than one- 
third that of the whites. The different provinces, however, differed greatly 
in this regard, as is seen below: 





PROVIXCE OR CITY. 


PER CENT MARRIED. 




White. 


Colored.* 


Cuba 




25.4 


9.6 








Matanzas 


27.8 
27.6 
26.7 


5.2 


Habana 


8.3 


City of Habana , 


8.2 


Santa Clara 


26.5 11.0 




24.1 
23.5 
21.3 


14.0 


Pinar del Rio 


9.3 


Oriente 


11.3 








'Includes black, mi.xed, and yellow. 







In Matanzas, the proportion of married among the whites was between 5 and 
6 times that among the colored; in Habana and Habana city it was between 
three and four times as great, and in Camagiiey it was less than twice as great. 



184 



POPULATION. 



In two tornuT censuses, tliose of 1841 and 1861, comparable returns as 
to the number of whites and colored who were married were obtained, and 
from them the following table has been compiled: 





CENSUS. 


PEH CENT MARRIED. 




White. 


Colored. 


1841 


10.4 
22.8 
20 4 
25.4 


6 2 


1861 


8.1 

6 1 


1899 


1907 


9.6 





From the above it appears that the per cent of married among whites has 
increased greatly in 66 years, though there was a slight falling off in 1899, due 
to the w^ar and to the fact that the per cent of married among the colored has 
also increased, though not by any means as rapidly. 

The proportions married of the several classes of population were as 
follows : 



COLOR AND SEX. 



White: 

Males . . . 

Females. 
Colored:* 
.Males. . . 

Females. 



Total 
population. 



771.611 
656,565 

303.271 
317.533 



Number. 



188.370 
175.450 

29.141 
30,676 



Per cent. 



24.4 
26.7 



9.6 
9.6 



I Includes black, mixed and yellow. 

It has already been shown that there was nearly three times as large a pro- 
portion of married among all whites as among all colored. This is equally 
true when only those of marriageable age are considered, as is seen below. 

In the following table similar per cents are given for each province and the 
city of Habana: 





PROVINCE OR CITi'. 


PER CENT MARRIED FORM 

OP POPULATION AT LEAST 

15 TEARS OF AOE. 




White. 


Colored. 


Cuba 


40.3 




15.0 








Matanzas 


43.7 
42.6 
40.4 
40.1 
39.1 
36.3 
35.6 




7.6 


Santa Clara 


16.7 


Pinar del Rio 


15.8 


Habana 


11.8 


CamagUey 


21.7 


Citv of Habana 


11.4 




19.3 







Among whites a larger proportion of the adult population was married in 
Matanzas province than elsewhere in Cuba and a smaller proportion in Oriente. 
Among colored, the proportion of married was smallest in Matanzas and 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



185 



laro-est in Camagiiey. In Matanzas the proportion of married among the 
whites was nearly six times as great as among the colored; while, on the other 
hand, in Camagiiey and Oriente the proportion of the married among the 
colored was more than half that of the whites. 

In the provinces the proportion of married was far more uniform among 
the whites than among the colored. The range of proportions of the whites 
was from 36.5 per cent in Oriente to 43.7 per cent in Matanzas, while among 
the colored the range was from 7.6 per cent in Matanzas to 21.7 per cent in 
Camagiiey. The proportion of married among the colored in Camagiiey was 
nearly three times that in Matanzas. To what extent these wide differences in 
the proportion of the married in the provinces are reduced by consensual 
marriages, will appear later. 

^;;;^,The following table presents the adult population and the married, by color 
and sex, with percentages: 





Population 

at least 15 

years of age. 


MARRIED. 


COLOR AND SEX. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


White: 


503,434 
400,070 

191,185 
206,098 


188,367 
175,380 

29.140 
30,564 


37.4 




43.8 


Colored :» 


15.2 




14.8 







1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

The married among white males were relatively nearly two and one-half 
times as numerous as among colored males and the married among the white 
females nearly three times as numerous as among the colored females. The 
proportion of married among white females was decidedly greater than the 
proportion among white males ; while of colored males, the proportion married 
was somewhat greater than that of colored females. 

{;;'In any community, that sex which is weakest numerically contains the 
largest proportion of married persons, and vice versa. Of the whites of Cuba, 
the males formed no less than 54 per cent, while among the colored, the same 
sex was slightly in the minority, with 48 per cent. Below are given similar pro- 
portions for each province and Habana city: 





PEE CENT MARRIED FORM OF TOTAL. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Males. 


Females. 




White. 


Colored.' 


White. 


Colored.! 




37.4 
36.9 
33.5 
41.0 
34.3 
36.9 
39.1 


21.5 
12.6 
12.8 
7.5 
19.6 
15.7 
16.3 


41.4 
44.3 
40.3 
47.0 
37.2 
45.0 
46.9 


21.9 




11.1 


City of Habana 


10.3 




7.8 


Oriente a 


18.9 


Pinar del Rio 


15.8 


Santa Clara 


17.0 







> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



186 



POPULATION. 



The proportion of white females returned as married was larger in each pro- 
vince than the proportion of white males so returned. In each province also 
white males were in excess of white females. Among the colored larger pro- 
portions of the males than of the females were married in four of the prov- 
inces, but in Habana province and city and in Oriente the reverse was true. 
In Camagiiey, Pinar del Rio, and Santa Clara, colored males were in excess 
of colored females, and the proportion of females returned as married was 
larger in each. In Habana and Oriente the proportion of females was the 
larger and the proportion of males returned as married was larger in each. 
So far the provinces followed the proposition laid down above, that the sex 
which is in the minority contains the greater proportion of married. But in 
Matanzas more than half of the colored population were females, while the 
proportion of married of that sex was the greater. The difference in the pro- 
portion of the sexes returned as married was, however, slight. 

In the following table is shown the per cent which the married formed of 
the total number of persons in each age group, classified by sex and color: 





PER CENT MARRIED FORM OF TOTAL. 


AGE. 


Males. 


Females. 




White. 1 Colored.i 

i 


White. 


Colored.* 


All ages 


24.4 


9.6 


26.7 


9.6 






16 to 19 years 


0.4 
12.5 
39.0 
54.3 
61.3 
61.6 
56.5 
46.8 


0.3 
9.0 
20.3 
26.8 
25.7 
21.6 
13.4 
7.6 


13.2 
48.4 
61.1 
65.5 
69.3 
43.7 
27.1 
11.9 


6.6 


20 to 24 years 


22.0 


25 to 29 years 


23.0 


30 to 34 years 


21.8 




17.4 


46 to 54 years 


11.6 


65 to 64 years 


6.4 


66 years and over 


3.0 







'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

The proportion of married was much greater among whites than among 
colored for each sex in all age groups, and as the age increased the differences 
between them also increased. The married were proportionally about 2.5 as 
numerous among white men as among colored men, and among women of the 
two races, the proportion was 2.8. Taking these ratios as standards, it appears 
that the colored men were above the standard up to about 35 or 40 years of age, 
and colored women up to perhaps 27 years. Above those years the propor- 
tions for the colored were below the average. The proportion of white males 
married reached and passed that of white females at about the age of 35 
years; and, similarly, the proportion of colored males married passed that 
of colored females at about the age of 30 years. 

The tables relating to conjugal condition classify the white population also 
with respect to nativity, as native whites and foreign whites. The native whites 
numbered 1,224,539. Of these, 286,389, or 23.4 per cent, were married. The 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



187 



foreign whites numbered 203,637 and of these, 77,431, or 38 per cent, were 
married. Thus it appears that a much larger proportion of the foreign 
white were married than of the native white. But as among the native white 
there were large numbers of young children, while there were scarcely any 
among the foreign white, the comparison is hardly a just one. It will be fairer 
to take out from both elements of the population the children under 15 years of 
age. The number of native whites of 15 years of age and over was 711,262; of 
these, 286,322, or 40.2 per cent, were married. The foreign white of 15 years 
and over numbered 192,242, of whom 77,425, or 40.2 per cent, were married. 
The proportions are identical. The following table classifies the married 
white by sex and nativity: 





White popu- 
lation at 
least 15 years 
of age. 


MABRIED. 




Number. 


Per cent of 
total. 


Native white: 


346,856 
364,406 

166,578 
35,664 


130,609 
155,713 

57,758 
19,667 


37.6 


Females 


42.7 


Foreign white: 


36.9 




55.1 







The above shows that native white males and females were married in nearly 
equal proportions, but that of the foreign whites the proportion of women 
married was much greater than that of men. This is due to the fact that few 
single women have migrated to the island. 

The following table shows what per cent of the adult white population is 
married, by nativity, sex, and age group: 



15 to 19 years. . . . 
20 to 24 years . . . . 
25 to 29 years. . . . 
30 to 34 years. . . . 
35 to 44 years. . . . 
46 to 64 years. . . . 
66 to 64 years. . . . 
66 years and over 



PER CENT MARRIED FORM OF POPULATION AT LE.V8T 
15 TEARS OF AQE. 



Males. 



Native white. Foreign white 



0.5 
14.7 
45.6 
60.0 
64.1 
62.6 
56 .-2 
46.6 



0.2 
6.1 
26.0 
45.9 
56.3 
59.8 
57.1 
47.0 



Females. 



Native white. 



13.1 
48.2 
60.3 
64.4 
68.1 
42.5 
26.3 
11.2 



Foreign white. 



16.0 
51.7 
68.4 
73.3 
69.4 
52.9 
33.0 
15.9 



In every age group except the two highest, the proportion of native white 
males married exceeded the proportion of foreign white males married, while 
on the other hand, the proportion of foreign white females married exceeded 
that of native white females married in every age group. In other words, a 
larger proportion of native white men were married than of foreign white men, 



188 



POPULATION. 



and a much larf^er proportion of foreign white women were married than of 
native white women. This doubtless means that a large proportion of im- 
migrant white women have come to Cuba with their husbands. 

Conscns'uallij married. — On the schedules in the present census there are 
many cases in which a man and woman of about the same age were reported 
as occupying the same house but as bearing different names and standing in 
no admitted relations to each other. In most cases the family included one 
or more children bearing the woman's name. All such families were entered 
on the schedules by the initials C. M., meaning consensually married, or per- 
sons cohabiting as husband and wife without formal legal sanction upon the 
union, and the children were entered as technically illegitimate. Any one fa- 
miliar with Cuban life knows that in certain classes and regions such unions are 
frequent and often as permanent, and secure as good care and nurture for the 
children, as if the law had sanctioned the relation. 

The number of persons thus living together in 1907 was 176,509, or 8.6 per 
cent of the total population. In 1899 the proportion was 8.4 per cent. There 
has been a slight increase in the proportion during the eight years. In Porto 
Rico in 1899 the proportion was 8.8 per cent, or a little more than the pro- 
portion in Cuba in 1907. 

A fairer comparison than with population may be with the number of mar- 
ried. In 1907, for every consensual marriage, there were 2.4 legal marriages. 

The provinces of Cuba showed the following per cents of persons consen- 
sually married to population in 1907 and 1899. 





PROVINCE. 


PER CENT CON8EN8UA.LLT 
MARRIED FORMED OF TOTAL. 




1907. 


1800. 


Cuba 




8.6 


8.4 










5.6 
6.5 
7.3 
7.5 
11.1 
12.6 


3.9 


Pinar del Rio 


7.2 


Habana 


6.8 




7.5 




12.1 


Matanzas 


10.4 







The smallest proportion in 1907 was in Camagiiey, as in 1899. The 
largest was in Matanzas, which since 1899 had replaced Orienteinthis position. 
Camagiiey, Habana, and Matanzas increased their proportions, Pinar del Rio 
and Oriente decreased theirs, and Santa Clara had the same proportion in 
1907 as in 1899. 

To a considerable extent, consensual marriages supplement legal marriages, 
being in general more numerous where the proportion of legal marriages is 
below the average and vice versa. This is shown as follows by per cents of 
population : 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



189 



Cuba. . 

Matanzas. . . . 

Habana 

Santa Clara. . 

Oriente 

Camagiley. . . 
Pinar del Rio 



PER CENT MARRIED FORM OP TOTAL 
POPULATION. 



Both 
classes. 



29.5 



31.8 
30.4 
29.7 
28.1 
27.9 
26.4 



Legally 
married. 



20.7 



19.2 
23.1 
22.2 
17.0 
22.3 
19.9 



Consensually 
married. 



8.8 



12.6 
7.3 
7.5 

11.1 
5.6 
6.5 



The proportion which those legally and consensually married bore to the 
total population, 29.3 per cent, does not compare unfavorably with the pro- 
portion of married in other countries, as in the United States, 36.5 per cent, 
and in Spain, 37.7 per cent. The provinces which had the smallest proportion 
of married, as Oriente and Matanzas, had the largest proportion of consensual- 
ly married, while on the other hand, Camagiiey, which had the smallest pro- 
portion of consensually married, had very nearly the largest proportion of 
married. 

The following are the proportions of those consensually married in the 19 

largest cities: 



CITY H.VVINQ AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 



Cuba 

Santiago de Cuba 

CaibariSn 

Camagiiey 

Santa Clara 

San Antonio de los Baiios 

Sancti-Spiritus 

Trinidad 

Habana 

Pinar del Rio 



Per cent 
consensually 

married 
form of total 
population. 



8.0 



4.5 
4.5 
4.7 
5.1 
5.8 
6.1 
6.9 
7.8 
8.0 



CITT HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 



Marianao 

Sagua la Grande 
Guantanamo. . . . 

Matanzas 

Guanabacoa. . . . 

Cienfuegos 

Cardenas 

Gilines 

Manzanillo 

Jovellanos 



Per cent 
consensually 

married 
form of total 
population. 



8.3 

8.4 

9.5 

9.7 

9.7 

10.2 

10.5 

10.8 

12.5 

19.4 



Of the above, the proportion in 11 is less than the proportion for Cuba and 
in 8 it is greater. 

The distribution of the consensually married in city and country is of in- 
terest. This is shown below. 





Total 
Population. 


CONBEN8UALLT UARRISD. 


ABE A. 


Number. 


Per cent. 




619,835 
1,429,145 


49,598 
126,911 


8.0 




8.8 







190 



POPULATION. 



It is plain that consensual marriage is more prevalent in the rural parts of 
Cuba than in the cities. 

The following; table extends this study into the pro\inces, showing per cents 
only. Correspontiing figures for 1899 are added for comparison: 



Cama^ey. . . 

Habana 

Matanzas. . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 
Santa Clara. . 



PER CENT CONSENSU AIXT MARRIED. 



1907 



In urban 
districts. 



4.7 
7.9 
11.3 
7.2 
8.0 
7.5 



In rural 
districts. 



6.0 
6.3 
13.2 
11.8 
6.4 
7.4 



1899 



In urban 
districts. 



3.1 
7.7 
7.6 
8.2 
7.7 
7.2 



In rural, 
districts. 



4.3 

5.S 

11.5 

12. • 

7.1 

7.S 



In 1907, the proportion in the rural districts was greater in the provinces of 
Camagiiey, Matanzas, and Oriente, and less in those of Habana, Pinar del 
Rfo, and Santa Clara. The rural parts of Matanzas and Oriente contained 
the largest proportions of all, while in the cities of Matanzas province this 
mode of family life was very prevalent. 

Of the 82 municipalities of Cuba, there was 8 in which the number of con- 
sensually married exceeded the number of lawfully married. These were Jo- 
vellanos and Pedro Betancourt in Matanzas province and Alto Songo, Bayamo, 
Cobre, Guantanamo, Manzanillo, and Palma Soriano in Oriente province. 
In 1899, out of the 135 municipalities which then existed, there were no fewer 
than 25 in which the number of consensually married exceeded the number 
of lawfully married. 

Of the 176,509 consensually married in Cuba, 85,131, or 48.2 percent, were 
males and 91,378, or 51.8 per cent, were females. Considering adults only, 
the number and proportion of the consensually married, together with similar 
figures for Cuba and Porto Rico in 1899 added for comparison, are given in 
the following tabular statement: 





POPULATION 


AT LEAST 15 TEARS OF AOE. 




Total. 


Consensually married. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Cuba, 1907 


1.300.787 
995,761 
534,941 


176,495 

131,732 

84,241 


13.6 


Cuba, 1899 


13.2 


Porto Rico, 1899 


15.7 







As a result of the increase of young children in Cuba in the 8 years preced- 
ing 1907, the increased proportion shown for Cuba in that year as com- 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



191 



pared with 1899 is relatively greater than the increase ba.sed upon total 
population would be. 

In the following table proportions ba,sed upon adult population by provinces, 
are given for 1907 and 1899 : 



PROVINCE. 


PKR CENT CON8EN3UALLT 
MARRIED. 




1907 


1899 


Matanzas 


19.4 

18.7 
11.8 
11.1 
11.0 
10.6 
9.1 


15.9 
21.3 
11.7 
11.8 
10.7 
9.6 
7.0 


Oriente 


Santa Clara 


Pinar del Rio 


City of Habana 


Habana 


CamagQey 





Owing to the differing proportions of young children in the different pro- 
vinces, the above figures for 1907 bear little relation to corresponding percent- 
ages based upon total populations. In 4 of the above provinces and Habana 
city the proportions were greater in 1907 than in 1899. In 2 only, Pinar del 
Rfo and Oriente, were they less. These provinces, it will be remembered, 
had the greatest rate of increase and the largest proportion of young 
children. 

In the following table the proportion which the total, the consensually mar- 
ried, and the legally married formed of the total population in 1907 is given 
by age periods : 





PER CENT MARRIED FORM OF TOTAL 
POPULATION. 




Both 
classes. 


Consensually 
married. 


Legally 
married. 


15 to 19 years 


7.5 
33.1 
57.0 
67.8 
69.9 
62.6 
47.8 
32.3 


1.7 
8.3 
15.3 
17.9 
20.8 
20.5 
17.8 
15.6 


5.8 
24.8 
41.7 
49.9 
49.1 
42.1 
30.0 
16.7 


20 to 24 years 


25 to 29 years 


30 to 34 years 


35 to 44 years 


45 to 54 years 


55 to 64 years 


65 years and over 





It will be noted that the proportion of the consensually married is relatively 
largest in the more advanced age groups. In the age period 15 to 19 years they 
formed less than one-third the proportion of the legally married, while in the 
age group 65 years and over, the proportions were nearly the same. When 
those of advanced ages were younger, doubtless the practice of consensual 
marriage was more common than now; moreover, the colored, among whom 
consensual marriage is much more common than among whites, are relatively 
more numerous at advanced ages than at the younger ao-es. 



192 



POPULATION. 



In the following table proportions of the legally married and the consensu- 
ally married are cla.ssified by sex and by age groups. The corresponding per- 
centiiges of married and consensually married in Cuba, in 1890, are also 
shown: 







FEB 


CENT HARRIED FORM OF TOTAL POPULATION. 






Males. 


Females. 


AOB. 


1907. 


1899, 

both 

closses. 


1907. 


1899. 

both 

classes. 




Both 
classes. 


Legally 
married. 


Consen- 
sually 
married. 


Both 
classes. 


Legally 
married. 


Consen- 
sually 
married. 


15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over. . 


0.6 
16.1 
46.5 
63.5 
71.9 
72.0 
60.6 
45.7 


0.4 
11.6 
35.1 
48.3 
52.6 
50.6 
39.6 
25.4 


0.2 
4.5 
11.4 
15.2 
19.3 
21.4 
21.0 
20.3 


0.6 
11.0 
32.2 
50.6 
61.0 
59.1 
50.1 
40.1 


14.1 
52.9 
69.2 
73.2 
67.4 
51.0 
32.9 
18.5 


11.0 
40.2 
49.4 
51.8 
44.8 
31.7 
18.8 
7.7 


3.1 

12.7 
19.8 
21.4 
22.6 
19.3 
14.1 
10.8 


10.6 
39.7 
56.2 
60.2 
55.2 
40.5 
26.2 
14.4 



The separation of the sexes in the age analysis is very important, since the 
ages of the married of the different sexes differ widely. Comparing the legally 
married with the consensually married of the same age periods, it is seen 
that among the males of 15 to 19 years, the proportion of the legally mar- 
ried was double that of the consensually married, and that the ratio between 
the two increased, reaching a maximum at about 30 years of age, when it 
was more than 3 to 1. From that age on it decreased so that among those of 
65 years and over, the consensually married were four-fifths as numerous as the 
legally married. 

The proportion of the legally married to the consensually married among 
females was largest in the youngest age group and diminished steadily to the 
highest age group, at which age the number of consensually married was 
greater than the number of the legally married in the proportion of 10 to 7. 

The increase in the proportion of legally married to consensually married 
among males in the four lower age groups is not significant, as it was small and 
the numbers involved are not large. The decrease in that proportion with 
advancing years, or the increasing proportions of consensually married to 
legally married with males above 30 years and with females at all ages, is due 
in part to a general diminution of the custom, and in part to a relative reduction 
in more recent years in the proportion of colored in the total population, 
among whom the custom is most common. 

The maximum proportion of all married is found among males at about 45 
years, and among females in the age group 30 to 34 years. These maxima 
occurred in 1907 at the same ages as in 1899. 

The number of the consensually married among whites was 68,298, or 4.8 
per cent of the white population. The number among the colored was 108,211, 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



193 



or 17.4 per cent of the colored population. Thus the proportion of consensually 
married among the colored was between three and four times as great as among 
the whites. Comparing the consensually married with the legally married, it 
appears that among the whites there were only 19 consensually married to 
100 legally married, while am ng the colored there were 181 consensually 
married to 100 legally married. These proportions appear as follows in the 
provinces and Habana city: 





PROVINCE OR CITY. 


CONSENSUALLY MARRIED 

TO EACH 100 LEGALLY 

MARRIED. 




White. 


Colored. 




19 
14 
16 
12 
40 
21 
15 




78 




?31 


Citv of Habana 


9;?,5 




5,^7 




1?9 


Pinar del Rio 


^9^ 




15R 







This table shows very wide differences among the provinces, from 12 in 
Matanzas to 40 in Oriente, among the whites, and among the colored from 78 
in Camagiiey to 537 in Matanzas. This province, it will be noted, has the 
smallest proportion of whites consensually married and by far the largest pro- 
portion of colored consensually married. 

The following table shows the number and the proportion of the population 
consensually married in the six largest cities of Cuba: 



CITY HAVING AT LEAST 25,000 INHABITANTS." 



Total. 



CamagOey 

Cardenas 

Cienfuegos 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Santiago de Cuba. 



Population. 



462,634 



29,616 
24,280 
30,100 
297,159 
36,009 
45,470 



CONSENSUALLY MARRIED. 



Number. 



35,910 



1,400 
2,563 
3,081 
23,287 
3,506 
2,073 



Per cent 
of total. 



7.8 



4.7 
10.5 
10.2 
7.8 
9.7 
4.6 



' Cardenas also included. 

In the cities of Habana and Cienfuegos the proportion of the population 
consensually married was larger than the similar proportions for the provinces 
in which they are situated. In the other 4 cities, the proportions were less. 

The proportion of the consensually married to the population in these 6 
large cities was less than the similar proportion for all Cuba; this proves 
that consensual marriage is more common in the rural districts of Cuba 
than in its cities. 

The following table shows for each of the 6 largest cities the proportion of 
the consensually married of each element of the population, classified by color: 

13 



194 



POPULATiv'ON. 




<3aniagOey 
■CArdenas . 
Cienfiietros 
Habana. . 
MataiiziiS 
Santiago de Cuba 



>C&rdenas, with 24,280 inhabitants, also included. 



Ill every city, the per cent of colored consensually married was more ^Uan 
double that of the whites. Indeed, in Matanzas it was five times as great, a. j 
in (>ardcnas, six and one-half times as great. 

The total number of native whites 15 years of age and over was 711,262, of 
whom 59,340, or 8.3 per cent, were consensually married. The foreign whites 
15 years of age and over numbered 192,242, of whom 8,952, or 4.6 per cent, 
were consensually married; this percentage is only a little more than half as 
great as that shown for native whites. 

Classified by sex, as well as nativity, the proportions consensually married 
appear as follows : 



NATIVITY ANI> 8KX. 



Native white: 
Males. . . 
Females . 



Per cent con- 
sensually mar- 
ried form of 
population at 
least 15 years 
of age. 



NATIVITY AND 8BX. 



I Foreign white: 

8.2 I Males 

8.4 1 Females.. . 



Per cent con- 
sensually mar- 
ried form of 
population at 
least 15 years 
of age. 



4.8 
3.8 



The proportions for native white males and females are very nearly equal, 
the females being slightly the more numerous. But among the foreign white, 
the proportion of males consensually married was decidedly the greater. 

The following table cla-;.sifie.s the native white males and foreign white males 
con.sensually married by age groups: 





AGE C.KOUP. 


PKR CENT WHITE MALES CON- 
SENSUALLY M.^RRIKO FORM OF 
TOTAL WHITE MALK PDl'L'LA- 
TIO.V. 




Native. 


Foreign. 


15 to 10 years 


0.1 






20 to 24 years 


3.0 

8.9 

12.4 1 

14.6 


0.7 


25 to 29 years . . . . 


2 7 


30 to :^4 years ' 


5 5 


35 to -14 years 


7.8 


45 to 51 years 


15.1 

13.2 

9.2 




8 9 


55 to 04 years 


7 8 


65 years and over 


4.6 







CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



195 



In every age group the proportion of native white is decidedly the greater. 
The maximum proportion is reached by both classes in the age grou]) 45 to 54 



years. 



The following table classifies the consensually married whites of each pro- 
vince and the city of Habana, by nativity, expressing it as a percentage of the 
population of each class: 





PROVINCE. 


PER CENT CO.N8ENSUALLY 

MARRIED FORM OF POPULATION 

AT LEAST 15 YEAR8 OF AGE. 




Native white. 


Foreign white. 


Cuba 




8.3 


4.6 




7.6 


5.0 




6.1 4.0 




6.9 1 4.2 




5.2 5.5 




15.7 
9.2 
6.5 


6.9 




4.3 




5.1 







The proportions for the native white show great diversity in the different 
provinces, ranging from 5.2 per cent in Matanzas to the surprising propor- 
tion of 15.7 per cent in Oriente, showing that the mean for Cuba is a com- 
posite of widely differing communities. The proportions of the foreign white, 
on the other hand, differ little in the several provinces, the range being from 
4 per cent in Habana province to 5.9 per cent in Oriente. The proportion 
of native white is greater than the proportion of foreign white in every 
province except Matanzas, where the proportion f(ir foreign white is slightly 
the larger. 

The widowed. — The number of v.'idowed in Cuba in 1907 was 79,458, which 
was 3.9 per cent of the whole population, or 6.1 per cent of the population 15 
years of age and over. In 1899 the number of widowed was 85,167, or 5,709 
more than the number in 1907. Thus, in. spite of an increase of 30 per cent in 
the total population, the number of widowed actual 1\ decreased. The propor- 
tion which the widowed bore to the whole population in 1899 was 5.4 per cent, 
and to thiat part of the population 15 years of age and over, 8.6 per cent. 

The proportion of widowed in 1907 was very small, much less than the 
proportion in Porto Rico in 1899, 8.6 per cent, or the proportion in the United 
States in 1900, 7.9 per cent. But in comparison with the proportion in the 
United States, the reader must remember that in Cuba the consensually 
married were nearly one-third as numerous as the married, and that when 
such a union is broken by death the survivor is relegated not to the widowed 
class, but to the sin^>ie class. Hence, for fair comparison, the proportion of 
widowed should be increased by about two-fifths, making it approximately 
8.5 per cent, or somewhat larger than the proportion in the United States. 

For the above reason proportions between the widowed and the married will 



196 



POPULATION. 



be used in the following discussion instead of proportions between the widowed 
and the total population or the population 15 years of age and over. 

In 1907 the proportion of widowed to married was 18.8 per cent. This 
stands in strong contrast with the similar proportion 8 years earlier, 34.6 per 
cent, and with that of Porto Rico in 1899, 29 per cent. The proportion in the 
United States in 1900 was, however, decidedly less, being 14 per cent. 

Below are shown the number of widowers to 100 husbands and the number 
of widows to 100 wives in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the United States: 



COUNTRY AND CENSUS. 



Widowers 

to 100 
husbands. 



Widows 
to 100 
wives. 



Cuba. 1907 

Cuba. 1899 

Porto Rico. 1899... 
United States, 1900 



g.3 

18.4 

15.3 

8.4 



28.7 
61.2 
42.6 
19.7 



The proportion of widowers in Cuba has been reduced in 8 years to about 
one-half, while that of widows is but little more than one-half. The proportion 
of widows in 1907 was about three times that of widowers, while in the United 
States it was a little more than twice that of widowers. 

Of the native whites, there were 19.1 widowed to 100 married. Of the foreign 
whites, the corresponding number of widowed was 14.5 and of the colored 22.8. 
Thus the colored had the the largest and the foreign whites the smallest pro- 
portion. 

Carrying the analysis farther, and introducing the distinction of sex, it 
appears that of the native whites, there were 9 widowers to 100 husbands and 
27 widows to 100 wives; of the foreign whites, the corresponding figures were 
9 widowers and 29 widows; and of the colored, 11 widowers and 34 widows. 
Thus the colored showed the largest proportion of widowed in each sex. 

In the city of Habana there were 43 widowed to 100 married of the native 
whites; 43 widowed to 100 married of the foreign whites; and 76 widowed to 
100 married of the colored. 

The following table presents the proportions of widowed to married, by sex 
and age groups: 



AOE. 


Widowers to 
100 husbands. 


Widows to 
100 wives. 


15 to 19 years 


7 

1 

2 

3 

6 

13 

28 

65 


1 


20 to 24 years 


2 


25 to 29 years 


4 


30 to 34 vears 


9 


35 to 44 years 


25 


45 to 54 vears 


75 


55 to 64 vears 


199 


65 years and over 


582 







The above figures show a steady and rapid increase with advancing age in 
each sex, but with the females the increase is much more rapid. This results, 
as has been heretofore noted, in a great preponderance of widows over widowers. 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



197 



This excess of widows is found in all countries. It may be accounted for in one 
or both of two ways; first, since husbands are, as a rule, older than their wives, 
their death rate is necessarily greater, that is, more of them die each year; 
second, widowers remarry in greater proportion than widows, and in re- 
marrying, often choose maidens rather than widows. 

The following table gives, for each province and for the city of Habana, 
the proportion of widowed to married, by sex, for 1907 and 1899: 





1907 


1899 


PROVINCE OE CITY. 


Widowers 

to 100 
husbands. 


Widows 
to 100 
wives. 


Widowers 

to 100 
husbands. 


Widows 
to 100 
wives. 


Camagtley 


9 
11 
11 

11 

7 
9 
9 


29 
36 
44 
33 
25 
19 
25 


14 
24 
15 
20 
14 
20 
20 


45 




55 


City of Habana 


57 


Matanzas 


54 




47 


Pinar del Rio 


46 


Santa Clara 


50 







The proportion of widowers was smallest in Oriente and largest in Habana 
and Matanzas. Of widows, the proportion was smallest in Pinar del Rio and 
largest in the city of Habana. The proportion of widows to widowers ranged 
from a trifle over 2 in Pinar del Rio to 4 in Habana city. In every province the 
figures for 1907 were much smaller than in 1899. 

The single. — The small proportion of married in the total population, 20.7 
per cent, has been considered. Adding to this the per cent of the consen- 
sually married, 8.6, the total, 29.3 per cent, is by no means large. We should 
expect, therefore, to find that the proportion of single is large. There were, 
indeed, in 1907, 1,369,476 single persons in Cuba, including persons whose 
conjugal condition was unknown, and 1,098 divorced persons. This is 66.8 
per cent, or about two-thirds of the total population. In 1899, the single 
formed 70.5 per cent of the population, a notably greater proportion. 

The proportion in 1907 was larger than the proportion in any other country 
of importance of which we have a census. This is a result of the large per- 
centage of young children. By eliminating those under 15 years of age, a 
different result is obtained. The population 15 years of age and over was 
1,300,787, while the single of those ages numbered 621,386, or 47.8 per cent. 
The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 53.4 per cent and in Porto Rico in 
the same year, 45.9 per cent. 

Of the males 15 years of age and over in 1907, 53.5 per cent were single and 
of the females, 41.2 per cent; in 1899 the corresponding proportions were 59 
per cent and 47.4 per cent. The proportion of single among adults of each sex 
materially diminished in the 8 years. 

Single males were largely in excess of single females, a phenomenon due in 
part to the excess of males over females in the island, and in part, to the excess 
of widows over widowers. 



19S 



POPULATION. 



The proportion of single in each age group and by sex is shown below : 



Under IT) years. . 
15 to 19 years. . . 
20 to 24 years . . . 
26 to29year.s. . . 
30 to 34 years . . . 
35 to 44 years. . . 
46 to 54 years . . . 

65 to 64 years. . . 

66 years and over 



PEB CENT BINOLB KORU OF TOTAL POPULATION. 



igo7 



Males. 



100.0 

gg.4 

83.8 
52.8 
36.2 
25.0 
21.3 
28.2 
37.6 



Females. 



100.0 
85.8 
40.6 
28.6 
21.9 
21.2 
25.1 
29.8 
36.4 



1809 



Males. 



99.0 
99.3 
88.6 
67.2 
45.9 
33.1 
32.1 
38.0 
42.9 



Females. 



99.8 
89.1 
57.3 
36.7 
20.8 
28.8 
31. S 
34.5 
41.8 



The jjioportion of single diminished with advancing age, witii the males 
down to the age group 45 to 54 years and with the females to the age group 
35 to 44 years; in the higher age groups they increased. The same phenom- 
enon of an increase in the proportion of the single in the later age groups was 
noted in Cuba and Porto Rico, by the census of 1899, and in the PhiHppine 
Islands, in 1903; but in the United States and European countries, this phe- 
nomenon is not present, and the proportions go on decreasing to the end of 
life. Its explanation in the case of Cuba is found in the simple fact that 
when one of the partners in a consensual marriage dies, the remaining one, in- 
stead of becoming widowed, returns to the class of single. Since the con- 
sensual marriages were much more numerous among the colored than among 
the whites we should expect a greater increase in later years among that race. 
The following table shows this to be true: 



15 to 19 years. . . . 
20 to 24 years. . . . 
25 to 29 years . . . . 
30 to 34 years. . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . . 
45 to 54 years. . . . 
55 to 64 years . . . . 
65 years and over . 



PER CENT SINGLE FORM OF TOTAL POPULATION. 



Males. 



White. 



Colored.! 



99.5 
85.0 
53.6 
34.7 
23.1 
17.4 
16.4 
16.7 



99.1 
80.3 
50.5 
37.2 
30.8 
31.5 
46.4 
55.9 



Females. 



White. 



85.1 
43.6 
24.5 
16.6 
14.3 
15.2 
16.3 
17.7 



Colored.* 



87.4 
63.0 

38.1 
33.4 
34.1 
41.8 
49.0 
67.6 



'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

For the single the per cent of white males diminished throughout; the 
female white reached a minimum at 44 years and then increased, but not 
greatly. The per cent of colored males reached a minimum at 44 years and 
then increased greatly; while the colored females reached a minimum at 
34 and then also increased greatly. This seems to confirm the above ex- 
planation. 



CONJUGAL CONDITION. 



igg-- 



All classes oj conjugal condition. — In the following table, the four classes 
of conjugal condition are brought together, classified by age groups and 
expressed by per cents of the total population of each age group, for Cuba,, 
the provinces, and the city of Habana. A second table for Cuba, classifies the- 
population also by sex. 

Population, classified by conjugal condition — per cent of total. 



15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years. . . . 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over 



15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over 



15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years. ... 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

46 to 54 years 

65 to 64 years 

66 years and over 



15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years , . . . 
65 years and over 



15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

06 years and over 



Single or 
unknown.* 



Legally 
married. 



Consensually 
manied. 



Widowed. 






CAMAQUEY. 




HABANA CITY. 



3.3 
18.4 

34.5 
44.3 
45.9 
41.7 
30.3 
16.8 



1 


3 


7 


5 


31 


1 


15 


6 


16 


8 


13 


1 


8 


5 


6 






MATANZA9. 




0.1 

0.& 

1.7 

3.7 

8.7 

18. » 

31.7 

44. t 



O.t 

0.4 

1.6 

3.0 

7.2 

14.9 

19.8 

22.3 



> Includes divorced. 



200 



POPULATION. 



Pojmlation, classified by conjrigal condition — Continued. 




▲OE. 


Single or 
unknown.! 


Legally 
married. 


Consensually 
married. 


Widowed. 




ORIENTE. 


16 to 19 years 


92.0 
62.8 
38.5 
28.2 
23.2 
23.5 
29.4 
37.3 


5.8 
25.3 
38.8 
44.7 
42.0 
36.2 
27.5 
16.9 


2.2 
11.6 
21.7 
24.8 
29.8 
31.3 
26.1 
17.3 




20 to 24 vears 


3 


25 to 29 years 


1.0 


30 to 34 vears 


2 3 




6 


45 to 54 vears 


9.0 


55 to 64 years 


17 


65 years and over 


28 5 








PINAB DEL b!o. 


15 to 19 vears 


91.7 

66.6 
42.4 
30.8 
25.5 
26.3 
31.5 
42.1 


6.7 
25.9 
42.4 
49.7 
51.2 
45.8 
35.0 
20.5 


1.6 
7.2 
14.2 
17.3 
17.4 
13.9 
11.3 
10.1 




20 to 24 vears 


0.3 


25 to 29 years 


1 


30 to 34 years 


2 2 


35 to 44 vears 


S 9 


45 to 54 vears 


14 


55 to 04 vears 


22 2 


65 years and over 


27 3 








SANTA CLARA. 


15 to 19 vears 


92.0 

65.9 
40.8 
27.6 
22.4 
22.8 
30.8 
40.2 


6.7 
27.3 
45.5 
54.0 
53.2 
45.2 
29.9 
14.9 


1.3 
6.4 
12.7 
16.7 
17.9 
17.5 
16.6 
18.6 




20 to 24 vears 


4 


25 to 29 vears 


1 


30 to 34 vears 


2 7 


35 to 44 vears 


6.5 


45 to 54 vears 


14 5 


55 to 64 vears 


22 7 


65 vears and over 


26 3 







1 Includes divorced. 
Population, classified by conjugal condition and sex. 





PER CENT OF TOTAL. 


AOE. 


Males. Females. 




Single 
or un- 
known.! 


Legally 
married. 


Consen- 
sually 
married. 


Single 

Widowed, or un- 

known.i 


Legally 
married. 


Consen- 
sually 
married. 


Widowed. 


All ages . . 


70.0 


20.2 


7.9 


1.9 


63.4 


21.1 


9.4 


6.1 


15 to 19 years. . . 


99.4 
83.8 
52.9 
35.2 
25.0 
21.3 
28.2 
37.6 


0.4 
11.6 
35.1 
48.3 
52.6 
50.6 
39.6 
25.4 


0.2 
4.5 
11.4 
15.2 
19.3 
21.4 
21.0 
20.3 




85.8 
46.5 
28.7 
21.9 
21.2 
25.1 
29.8 
36.5 


11.0 
40.2 
49.4 
51.8 
44.8 
31.7 
18.8 
7.7 


3.1 
12.7 
19.8 
21.4 
22.6 
19.3 
14.1 
10.8 


0.1 


20 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 years . . . 
30 to 34 years. . . 
36 to 44 years . . . 
45 to 54 years. . . 
55 to 64 years. . . 
65 years and over 


0.1 
0.6 
1.3 
3.1 
6.7 
11.2 
16.7 


0.6 
2.1 
4.9 
11.4 
23.0 
37.3 
45.9 



» Includes divorced. 



ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN. 



All children born of the consensually married are under Cuban laws tech- 
nically illegitimate; but under the heading of illegitimate children have been 
included only those children found in the families of the consensually married. 



ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN. 



201 



The number of them is, therefore, confessedly incomplete, especially the 
number of those above the ages of childhood, since many of mature years have 
left their homes and consequently could not be identified as of this class. The 
extent of these omissions will appear later in the discussion of the illegitimate 
by age periods. 

The total number of children returned as illegitimate was 257,888, or 12.6 
per cent of the total population. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 
11.8 per cent. Thus in the 8 years there was a slight increase in the proportion 
of illegitimate children. A part of this increase is explainable by the fact of a 
general Increase in the proportion of children. 

The following table shows the distribution of illegitimate children among 
the provinces and the city of Habana: 





Total 
population. 


ILLEGITIMATE CHILDHEN. 




Number. 


Per cent. 




2.048.980 


257,888 


12.6 








118,269 
538,010 
297,159 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 


11,197 
39,623 
21,607 
27.753 
98,763 
35,564 
44,983 


9.6 




7.4 




7.3 




11.6 




21.7 


Pinar del Rio 


14.8 




9.8 







The proportions of illegitimate children were greatest in Oriente and Pinar 
del Rio, at the two ends of the island, where the proportions of children were 
greatest, and least in Habana city and province, where the proportions of 
children were smallest. 

The two following tables show the proportion the illegitimate children 
formed of the total population in the 6 largest cities and in the pro\inces 
outside of those cities: 





Total 
population. 


ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Aggregate 


2,048,980 


257.888 


12.6 






Cities having at least 25 000 inhabitants 


462,634 


39,140 


8.5 






CamagOey 


29.616 
24.280 
30,100 
297,169 
36.009 
46,470 

1,586,346 


2.399 
1.927 
3,303 
21,607 
4,079 
6,825 

218,748 


8.1 


Cardenas 


7.9 


Cienfuegos . 


11.0 


Habana • . ' 


7.3 


Matanzas 


11.3 


Santiago de Cuba 


12.8 


Provinces exclusive of cities having 26,000 in- 


13.8 








88,653 
240,851 
179,523 
409,616 
240,372 
427,331 


8,798 
18,016 
21,747 
92,943 
35,564 
41,680 


9.9 




7.5 


Matanzas 


12.1 




22.7 


Pinar del Rio 


14.8 


Santa Clara 


9.8 







>C&rdenas also included. 



14 



202 



POPULATION. 



In the six largest cities, the illegitimate children formed 8.5 per cent of the 
population, while in the rest of Cuba they formed i;^.S per cent of the popula- 
tion, which fact shows that this class was decidcilly more numerous in the 
country districts. Of the cities, Santiago de Cuba showed the largest per- 
centage, while IMatair/as and Cienfuegos had large proportions. 

The nundnT of illegitimate children among the native whites was 94,772, 
or 7.7 per cent of that element of the population; the number among the foreign 
whites wjis only 341; the number among the colored was 102,775, or 26.2 per 
cent of all the colored. It thus appears that the number of illegitimate children 
among the colored was nearly twice as great as the number among the native 
white and that the proportion was between three and four times as great. 

The f<illowing table shows the percentages which illegitimate children 
formed of the total, the native white, and the colored population, by age 
groups : 



Under 5 years 

5 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years 

1.5 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

2.") years and over. 



PKR CENT ILLKOITIMATE CIIILDRKN FORM 
. OF TOTAL POPULATION. 




Native white. 



Colored.' 



15.2 

15.5 

10.6 

8.3 

4.4 

0.9 



53.0 
62.5 
44.0 
36.2 
10.7 
4.1 



•Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



1'he proportion of illegitimate children in the population 5 to 9 years of 
age is slightly, but not significantly, larger than the proportion under 5 years. 
In the succeeding age periods, however, the proportions diminish rapidly. 
Indeed, it is only in the two age periods below 10 years that the figures can be 
considered as representing actual conditions. The proportioas of illegitimate 
children among the native whites and the colored show a similarly rapid 
decrease above 10 years of age. Below that age the illegitimate colored are 
proportionately about three and one-half times as numerous as the illegiti- 
mate native whites; and above that age the ratio between the proportions in- 
creases, the increase probably being ilue to the fact that whites leave the 
liome earlier in life than the colored. 

In all probability the number of illegitimate children under 10 years of age is 
fairly complete, and the ratio which they form of the whole number of children 
of that age group may be assumed as applying to the entire population. In 
other words about 26 per cent, or a little more than one-fourth, of all Cubans 
were born of con.sensiial unions. This is more than double the number directly 
enumerated. Similarly, about one-seventh of the native whites and more than 
one-half of the colored were born of such imions. 

The consensually married formed about one-fourth of all living in the 
married state, while the children born of such unions formed a little more than 
one-fourth of all children. 



CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE. 



203 



In the following table are shown the proportions which illegitimate children 
under 10 years of age bore to all children of that age, in each province and in 
the city of Habana. Comparison is limited to the above age group in order 
to obtain a more accurate measure of the extent of illegitimacy in the 
provinces. 



PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Per cent illefrttimate 
form of pop- 
ulation under 
10 years of age. 


Camagtlev 


18 4 


Habana . ' 


18 5 


Citv of Habana 


20.7 


Matanzas 


25 5 


Oriente • 


38.8 


Pinar del Rio 


29.8 


Santa Clara 


20.0 







The above figures may be regarded as applying to all ages. In other words, 
in Camagiiey and Habana provinces between 18 and 19 per cent of all the 
people were born of consensual marriages, and in Oriente not less than 38 or 
39 per cent. 

CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE. 

The children of school age, 5 to 17 years, numbered 541,445 in 1907, and 
formed 26.4 per cent of the total population. This proportion compares with 
35.1 per cent in Cuba in 1899, 33.8 per cent in Porto Rico in 1899, and 28.3 
per cent in the United States in 1900. This great reduction in the proportion 
of children of school age in Cuba in S years calls for explanation. During the 
revolution and reconceutrations, however much the children of school age may 
have suffered, those below school age suffered far more. Not only did a large 
proportion of them perish, but their numbers were lessened by the decrease 
in marriages and births. The children who were in 1899 less than 5 years of 
age were in 1907 in the class of school age, and that class was consequently 
reduced. Indeed, the number of children of school age in 1907 was actually 
less than the number in 1899 (552,928). 

Of the children of school age in 1907, 272,585, or 50.3 per cent, were males, 
and 208,860, or 49.7 per cent, were females. 

The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana the 
proportion of school children to total population: 



PROVINCE OR CITY. 



Per cent children 
5 to 17 years 
of age form of 

total population. 



City of Habana 

Hal)ana 

Habana, excluding the city . 

Matanzas 

Santa Clara 

Pinar del Rfo 

Oriente 

CainagQey 



22.6 
23.4 
24.3 
25.4 
25.8 
28.7 
29.2 
29.5 



204 



POPULATION. 



The above figures show that in the provinces most remote from the middle 
of the island where most of the fighting and where the reconccntration took 
place, the proportion of school children is largest; but even in these prov- 
inces the proportion is far less than it was for Cuba in 1S99. 

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 

The total number of children of school age, 5 to 17 years, was 541,445. Of 
these, 171,017, or 31.6 per cent, attended school during the year preceding 
September 30, 1907. This proportion is nearly twice as great as that shown by 
the census of 1899, which was 15.7 per cent. 

It has been shown that literacy is much more common in large cities than 
in the rest of Cuba, and the conclusion naturally is that school attendance is 
more common in the large cities. That this is so appears from the following. 
The 6 cities of Cuba with more than 25,000 inhabitants each had together 
110,810 children of school age. Of this number, 55,336, or 49.9 per cent, at- 
tended school. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 33 per cent. In 
the rest of Cuba, the proportion of the children of school age attending school 
in 1907 was 26.9 per cent. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 11.5 
per cent. These figures indicate a great gain in school attendance at the later 
census year. In 1907 the proportion of children of school age attending school 
in the 6 largest cities was nearly twice as great as the proportion in the rest of 
Cuba. The following table gives the proportion attending school in each city: 







Per cent children 






attending school 






form of 




CITY. 


population 

5 to 17 years 

of age. 


CamagOey . . 


53.3 




46.1 




54.3 




48.7 




55.9 




48.8 









The following table gives the proportion of children of school age attending 
school in each province, and the proportion attending school in each province 
outside of cities of 25,000 inhabitants or more: 





PROVINCE. 


PER CENT CHILDREN ATTENDING 

8CHOOL FORM OF POPULATION 

6 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE. 




In entire 
province. 


In province 

exclusive of 

cities havinp at 

least 25.000 

inhabitants. 


Camagtiey 


27.7 
42.3 
35.1 
25.4 
24.1 
30.7 


20.0 


Habana 


35.0 


Matanzas 


29.0 




23.2 


Pinar del Rio 


24.1 


Santa Clara 


29.0 







LITERACY. 205 



These tables illustrate in greater detail what was stated above for Cuba as 
a whole. 

Of the male children of school age, 32.5 per cent, and of the female children, 
30.7 per cent, attended school. This result is surprising, inasmuch as it is 
shown farther on that a larger proportion of the female children than of the 
male children were literate. 

Of white children of school age, 31.3 per cent, and of the colored children, 
32.3 per cent, attended school. This again is surprising, as the proportion of 
literates among whites was greater than the proportion among colored. 

The following table shows the proportion of the population in certain age 
groups who attended school: 



5 to 9 years . 
10 to 14 years. 
15 to 17 years. 



Per cent 

attending 

school. 



28.5 

52.0 

9.6 



More than nine-tenths of all children attending school were under 15 years 
of age. 

LITERACY. 

A census can take cognizance of the degree of education of a people only as 
it is indicated by certain simple tests. These tests refer usually to formal or 
book education, not because that is necessarily the most important, but because 
it is the most easily tested. The tests used by the present census were attendance 
at school, ability to read, and possession of college or technical education, as 
indicated by the possession of a degree. It is obvious that attendance at school 
certifies nothing regarding a person's educational attainments; yet, if the 
entire population is to be classed according to degree of education, some as- 
sumption must be made regarding children attending school. It can not intro- 
duce serious error to assume that all children attending school were able to 
read, and all under 10 years of age and not attending school were not able to 
read. 

In 1907, of the 1,481,573 inhabitants 10 years of age and over, 837,958, or 
56.6 per cent, were able to read. Of the total population, 40.9 per cent were 
able to read. In 1899 the proportion was 36 per cent; in 1887, 27.7 per cent, 
and in 1861, 19.2 per cent, thus showing a steady and rapid increase in literacy. 

The following table shows the proportions of literate in the population 10 
years of age and over in the case of the native whites, foreign whites, and 
colored, for each province and for the city of Habana: 



206 



POPULATION. 





PER CENT LITERATE FORM OF POPDLATION 
AT LEAST 10 YEAR8 OF AOB. 




Native 
white. 


Foreign 
white. 


Colored.* 


Gainaf::Qey 


61.9 

74.8 
91.8 
60.9 
51 6 


76.1 
82.6 
86.8 
66.2 
71 8 


56 4 


Habana 


58 5 


Cltv of Habana 


66.4 


Matanza.s 


39 3 


Oriente 


43.0 


Pinar del Rio 


38 9 


ftl R 


43.2 


Santa Clara 


54 3 ; K1 K 


43 2 











> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

Among the native whites, literacy was liighest in the city of Habana, where 
more than nine out of ten persons could read. It was least in Pinar del Rfo, 
where less than two-fifths were able to read. This was the only province with 
less than one-half literate among the native whites. Indeed, the proportion of 
literates in this province was less among native whites than among colored. 
Among foreign whites the proportion of literates was high, ranging from a 
little more than three-fifths in Pinar del Rio and Santa Clara up to almost 
seven-eighths in the city of Habana. Among the colored, the proportion of 
literates was smallest in Matanzas, where it was about two-fifths, and highest 
in the city of Habana, where almost two-thirds of the people were literate. 

It is usually the case that literacy is higher in cities than in the country, 
since in the former, schools are better, more numerous, and more generally 
attended. In the 6 cities of over 25,000 inhabitants each, the literates formed 
82.6 per cent of the population 10 years of age and over, while in the rest of 
Cuba, the proportion of literates was only 47.9 per cent. 

The following table gives the proportion of literates in the population at 
least ten years of age in each of the cities having 25,000 or more inhabitants 
and in the city of Cardenas, which has 24,280 inhabitants: 



CITY HAVING AT LEAST 25,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent literate 

foriii of 

population 

at least 10 years 

of age. 


CITY HAVING AT LKAST 25,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent literate 

form of 

population. 

at least 10 years 

of age. 


CamagQev 


84.7 
83.9 
82.6 




79 7 


Habana 




77 9 


Santiago de Cuba 




73 8 











The following table shows the proportion of the several elements of the 
population, ten years of age and over, who were able to read: 



COLOR AND NATIVITY. 


PER CENT LITERATE FORM OF POPVL.\TION 
AT LE.\ST 10 YEARS OF AGE. 




Both sexes. 


Males. 


Females. 


All classes 


56.6 


58.3 


54.6 




Native whitf 


68.6 
74.4 
45.0 


68.0 

77.7 
44.7 


59. S 
60.1 
45.4 


Foreif-'ii white 


Colored 





LITERACY. 



207 



Of the total population, the proportion of males who could read was larger 
than that of females. Among the native white and the colored, the proportion 
of females who could read was slightly larger than that of males, while among 
the foreign white, the proportion of literate males greatly exceeded that of. 
literate females. 

The foreign whites had the largest proportion of literates, while the colored 
had the smallest. 

The following table shows, for the total population, the proportion of literates- 
in each age group: 



Per cent 
literate. 



10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years I 

45 to 54 years I 

55 to 64 years I 

65 years and over 



70.7 
67.2 
59.9 
56.7 
55 . 5 
50.9 
45.2 
39.2 
31.5 



There was a steady and rapid reduction in literacy with advancing age. 
This is in part due to the increasing facilities for education, especially during 
the last eight years, and in part to the decreasing proportion of colored, the 
least literate class. 

The following table shows the proportion of literates in each age period,, 
of each sex, color, and nativity. 



10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 19 years .... 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years. . . . 
30 to 34 years. . . . 
35 to 44 years .... 
45 to 54 years. . . . 
55 to 64 years .... 
65 years and over. 



PER CENT LITERATE. 



Males. 



69.7 
65.4 
61.0 
59.5 
60.0 
55.6 
50.0 
42.0 
31.0 





Native 


Foreign 




whites. 


whites. 


71.6 


70.5 


82.6 


69.0 


66.8 


82.4 


58.7 


58.9 


76.6 


53.5 


54.5 


75.2 


49.8 


53.7 


74.6 


45.2 


52.4 


72.8 


39.3 


50.1 


72.1 


36.1 


49.9 


69.0 


32.0 


50.8 


60.7 



Colored. 



69.9 
64.5 
54.9 
49.6 
43.6 
34.2 
23.0 
15.9 
10.5 



• Includes black, mixed, and j'ellow. 



The proportions of the two sexes, for the age group 10 to 14 years, were not 
dissimilar, females having a slight advantage, which they increased in the next 
age group. Then males took the lead and maintained it until the last age 
period. According to the proportions of literates for the first two age periods, 
girls have availed themselves to a greater extent than boys of the present 
modern school system. During the Spanish regime, when those now over 20 
years of age were children, few facilities were afforded for elementary educa- 
tion, and less to girls than to boys. 

In all the above elements of population there is a more or less rapid decrease 



208 



POPULATION. 



in literacy with increasing age, but with certain elements the decrease is more 
rapid than with others. The colored, starting in the first age period with 
practically the same degree of literacy as the native whites, fall off with great 
rapidity, so that the oldest age group contains little more than one-fifth of the 
proportion of literates as the same group of native whites, and little more than 
one-.seventh of the colored proportion at the ages from 10 to 14 years. It is 
rather surprising to find that the colored literates 10 to 14 years of age are 
practically as numerous, proportionately, as the native whites. The foreign 
whites, of course, show a high degree of literacy at all ages; even at the most 
advanced age, three-fifths of them could read. Literates among the native 
whites dropped from seven-tenths to one-half between the youngest and most 
advanced ages. 

The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana the 
proportion of literates in the total population 10 years of age and over, and in 
each sex: 



PROVINCE OR CITY. 


PER CENT LITERATES FORM OF POPULATION 
AT LEAST 10 YEARS OF AGE. 




Both sexes. 


Males. 


Females. 


CamagUey 


62.1 
72.7 
83.9 
52.9 
49.6 
39.0 
52.0 


60.0 
75.8 
88.7 
52.7 
51.3 
43.9 
52.4 


64.6 


Habana 


69.0 


Citv of Habana 


78.4 


Matanzas 


53.1 


Oriente 


47.8 


Pinar del Rio 


33.2 


Santa Clara 


51.5 



In the case of the total population, males, and females, the highest pro- 
portions were in Habana city and the lowest in Pinar del Rio. In Habana, 
Oriente, Pinar del Rio, and Santa Clara, the proportions of literates were 
greater among males than among females, and in the other two provinces the 
reverse was the case. 

OCCUPATIONS. 



By occupation, in connection with a census, is meant gainful occupation, or 
an occupation by means of which a person gets a livelihood for himself or for 
himself and others. It is not the head of the family alone, however, who may 
be thus occupied, as it is quite possible that other or even all members of the 
family may be wage-earners. Children at home or at school, housewives, etc., 
are not considered as being "gainfully employed" so far as census statistics 
are concerned. 

The number of persons engaged in gainful occupations in Cuba in 1907 was 
772,502. This was 37.7 per cent of the population. In 1899, the proportion 
was larger, being 39.6 per cent. The reduction in the proportion in 1907 is 
doubtless due to the increased number of young children. The proportion in 
1907 was larger than that for Porto Rico in 1899, 33.2 per cent, but less than 
that for the United States in 1900, 39.0 per cent. 



OCCUPATIONS. 



209 



The absolute and relative numbers of persons engaged in gainful occupations 
were as follows in the provinces and the city of Habana: 





Population. 


WAGE-EARNERS. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Cuba 


2,048.980 


772,502 


37.7 




297,159 
538,010 
239,812 
457,431 
118,269 
240,372 
455,086 


138,906 

229,605 
92,399 

171,408 
42,882 
84,655 

151,553 


46.7 




42.7 




38.5 




37.5 




36.3 


Pinar del' Rio 


35.2 




33.3 







The proportion of breadwinners was almost as low in Oriente as in Porto 
Rico. In Santa Clara it was about the same as the average for Cuba. The city 
of Habana had by far the largest proportion, and this fact raises the question 
whether breadwinners were relatively more numerous in city or country. 

In the 19 cities with 8,000 or more inhabitants each there was a total popula- 
tion of 619,835, of which 260,774, or 42.1 per cent, were breadwinners. Rural 
Cuba had a population of 1,429,145, of which 511,728, or 35.8 per cent, were 
wage-earners. The following table gives the proportion of wage-earners to the 
total population in each of the 19 cities: 



CITY HAVINQ AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent of 
wage-earners 

in total 
population. 


CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABIT.4.NTS. 


Per cent of 
wage-earners 

in total 
population. 


Habana 


46.7 
43.3 
42.1 
40.9 
39.9 
39.5 
39.5 
39.1 
38.5 
38.4 


San Antonio de los Baflos 37.8 




Guant&namo 


37.0 




Sancti-Spiritus 


36.6 




Santa Clara 


36.5 




Camagtlev 


36.1 




Guanabacoa 


35.7 




Caibarifin 


35.3 




Manzanillo 


30.5 




Trinidad 


28.8 


Gtiines 











Habana, the largest city, had the greatest proportion, while Trinidad had 
less than any other city. Of the above 19 cities, 11 had proportions greater 
than that for Cuba as a whole and 8 had smaller proportions. 

The following table shows the proportion of wage-earners in the rural 
portions of the several provinces: 



PROVINCE. 


Per cent of 
wage-earners 

in rural 
population. 


PROVINCE. 


Per cent of 
wage-earners 

in rural 
population. 




38.3 
37.6 
37.4 


Camagtley 


36.3 




Pinar del Rio 


35.0 




Oriente 


32.5 









210 



POPULATION. 



Perhaps the most striking feature of the above figures is their uniformity. 
The smallest projjortion, 32.5 per cent, in Oricnte, differed but 5.8 per cent 
from the largest, that of Matanzas, 38.3 per cent. 

Ccnnpaii.son of the proportions in the cities of each province with the pro- 
portion in the rural parts of the province, shows that in 12 cases the proportion 
of wage-earners was greater in the cities than in the rest of the province and 
in 7 cases it was less. 

The number of male wage-earners was 698,982, or G5.0 per cent of all males; 
that of female wage-earners was 73,520, or 7.5 per cent of all females. In 1899, 
the corresponding proportions were 68.2 per cent for males and 8.8 per cent 
for females. There was, therefore, a reduction in the recent census in each sex. 
In Porto Kico, in 1899, the proportions were 56.9 per cent for males and 9.9 
per cent for females. It appears, therefore, that in Cuba in 1907 the proportion 
of gainfully employed was greater for males and less for females than the 
corresponding proportions for Porto Rico in 1899. 

In the following table the proportions of breadwinners are given by sex, for 
each province, and for the city of Habana, for 1907 and 1899 : 





PEB CENT OP WAOE-EAKNERS IN TOTAL POPULATION. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


1907 


1899 




Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


Camagtley 


63.8 
69.7 
73.5 
66.7 
59.9 
61.7 
65.6 


5.8 
12.2 
16.8 
8.6 
5.1 
4.8 
8.5 


60.9 
71.9 
72.9 
69.2 
61.4 
69.8 
70.2 


10.3 


Habana 


12.0 


Citv of Habana 


16.0 


Matanzas 


13.7 


Oriente 


5.0 


Pinar del Rio 


4.8 


Santa Clara 


7.1 







In 1907 the maximum proportion among males was in Habana and the 
minimum in Oriente; among females also the maximum was in Habana, but 
the minimum was in Pinar del Rfo. Comparing the figures of the two cen- 
suses, the proportion of gainfully employed males increased in Camaguey 
alone. In every other province the proportion decreased. Of female bread- 
winners, the proportion increased decidedly in Santa Clara and slightly in 
Habana and Oriente. In Pinar del Rio the proportions were equal, while in 
Camaguey and Matanzas they decreased greatly. 

The fact that Habana city contained the largest proportion of wage-earners 
of each sex, suggests that conditions in the other cities may be similar, and that 
the rural districts may contain lower proportions of wage-earners of each sex. 
To test this, the proportions between the population and the wage-earners of 
the 6 cities with 25,000 or more inhabitants have been obtained separately by 



OCCUPATIONS. 



211 



sex. The male population of these 6 cities numbered 234,986, and the male 
wage-earners 166,699, showing that 70.9 per cent of the males were wage- 
earners. The gainfully employed females numbered 227,648, of which total, 
36,326 were wage-earners, the proportion being 16 per cent. 

In the sections of Cuba outside of the 6 cities having at least 25,000 in- 
habitants each, the male population was 839,896, of which 532,283, or 63.4 
per cent, were wage-earners; while the female population numbered 746,450, 
of which 37,194, or 5 per cent, were wage-earners. 

Thus, for each sex, the proportion of wage-earners was much greater in the 
large cities than in the smaller cities and country districts. 

The following table gives, by sex, the proportion of wage-earners to popula- 
tion, in each of the 6 cities with a population of at least 25,000 inhabitants and 
in each pro%'ince exclusive of these large cities. 





MALES. i: FEM.U.ES. 


CITY OR PROVINCE. 


Total. 


Wage-earners. 


Total. 


Wage-earners. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Cuba 


1,074,882 


698,982 


65.0 


974,098 


73,520 


7.5 






Cities having at least 26,000 
inhabitants ^ 


234,986 


166,699 


70.9 


227,648 


36,326 16.0 










CamagQey, CamagQey. . 
Cardenas, Matanzas. . . . 
Cienfuegos, Santa Clara 

Habana, Habana 

Matanzas, Matanzas 

Santiago de Cuba, Ori- 
ente 


13,568 
11,634 
14,489 
157,155 
16,593 

21,547 
839,896 


8,660 

7,882 

9,695 

115,437 

10,723 

14,302 
532,283 


63.8 
67.7 
66.9 
73.5 
64.6 

66.4 

1 

63.4 


16,048 
12.646 
15,611 
140,004 
19,416 

23,923 
746,450 


2,019 
1,713 
2.321 
23.469 
3,129 

3,675 


12.6 
13.5 
14.9 
16.8 
16.1 

15.3 


Provinces exclusive of cities 
having at least 25,000 in- 
habitants 


37,194 ! 5.0 






CamagQey 


48,550 
127,596 

95,333 
212,189 
128,542 


30,983 
83,153 
63,778 
125,935 
79 311 


63.8 
65.2 
66.9 
59.4 
61.7 
65.5 


40 , 103 
113.255 

84.190 
197,427 
111,830 


1,220 3.0 


Habana 


7,546 6.7 


Matanzas 


5.174 6.1 


Oriente 


7.641 3.9 


Pinar del Rio 


.n .■i44 1 4 8 


Santa Clara. . . . 


227,686 " 149 12.'? 


199 645 1 10 2fi9 1 fi 1 















> Cardenas with 24,280 inhabitants also included. 

There does not appear to be any relation between the proportions of wage- 
earners and the population of the cities, beyond the fact that in the case of 
each sex the proportion was greatest in Habana, the largest city. 

Considering the males in the districts outside of the large cities, Matanzas 
had the highest proportion and Oriente the lowest. For females, Habana was 
highest and Camagiiey lowest. 

The following table brings together, for comparison, the proportion which 
female wage-earners bore to the total female population in the large cities of 
the several provinces and in the remainder of the p^o^^nces: 



212 



POPULATION. 





PER CENT or WAGE-EARNERS IN 
TOTAL FEMALE POPULATION. 


PROVINCE. 


Cities having 

at least 25.000 

inhabitants. 


Smaller cities 

and country 

districts. 


CamagQey r- 


12.6 
16.8 
15.1 
15.3 


3 


Habana 


6 7 




6.1 




3.0 


Pinar del Rio 


4.8 




14.9 


6.1 







The proportion of wage-earners in the cities ranged from two and one-half 
to over four times that of the rest of the provinces. 

The following table gives, for each sex, the number and the proportion of 
wage-earners to the total of that sex for each province and for the city of 
Habana: 





MALES. 


FEMALES. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Total. 


Wage-earners. 


Total. 


Wage-earners. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Cuba 


1,074,882 


698,982 


65.0 


974,098 


73,520 


7.5 






CamagQey 


62,118 
284,751 
157,155 
123,560 
233,736 
128,542 
242,175 


39,643 
198,590 
115,437 

82,383 
140,237 

79,311 
158,818 


63.8 
69.7 
73.5 
66.7 
59.9 
61.7 
65.6 


56,151 
253,259 
140,004 
116,252 
221,350 
111,830 
215,256 


3,239 
31,015 
23,469 
10,016 
11,316 

5,344 
12,590 


5.8 


Habana 


12.2 


Citv of Habana 


16.8 


Matanzas 


8.6 


Oriente 


5.1 


Pinar del Rio 


4.8 


Santa Clara 


8.5 







Among males the highest proportions were, of course, in the city and province 
of Habana. The lowest proportion was in Oriente, with Pinar del Rio very 
near it. Among females, as with males, the city and province of Habana had 
the highest proportions, while Pinar del Rio was the lowest, with Oriente very 
near it. Thus the provinces at the two extremes of the island had the lowest 
proportions of wage-earners, a fact connected vdth their large proportions of 
young children. 

Under the instructions given enumerators, inquiries concerning occupations 
applied only to persons 10 or more years of age. Hence in noting the propor- 
tions of persons gainfully employed, it is better to disregard the population 
under 10 years of age. Persons at least 10 years of age numbered 1,481,573 in 
1907; of these 772,502, or 52.1 per cent, were breadwinners. The correspond- 
ing proportion in Cuba in 1899 was 51.2 per cent, or slightly less, and in Porto 
Rico in the same year the proportion was 48 per cent, which was much less. 
It appears, therefore, that the reduction in the proportion of breadwinners to 
total population in 1907 as compared with 1899 was due to the greatly in- 
creased proportion of young children in the later year. 



OCCUPATIONS. 



213 



The following table shows the proportion of breadwinners to population 10 
or more years of age, for each province and for the city of Habana in 1907 and 
in 1899: 



PROVINCE OR CITY. 


PER CENT OF WAGE-EABNERS IN 
AT LEAST 10 YEARS OF 


POPULATION 
AGE. 




1907 


1899 




48.2 
49.8 
52.0 
52.1 
52.5 
55.5 
57.7 








45.7 


Camagilev 


49.9 




53.5 




51.8 


Pinar del Rio 


52.1 




53.1 




55.7 











The range in the proportions of wage-earners to the population at least 10 
years of age is much less than the corresponding range for the entire popula- 
tion. It will be remembered that the proportions of young children were 
greatest in Oriente and least in Habana city. The elimination of the children 
has brought the proportions of wage-earners in the different provinces nearer 
together. 

The proportion of wage-earners was greater in the western than in the 
eastern parts of the island and reached a maximum in the city of Habana. 

In the following table the proportions of wage-earners in different age groups 
are given for 1907 and 1899: 



PER CENT OF WAGE-EARNERS. 



1907 


1899 


15.5 


24.6 


48.8 


48.8 


58.2 


56.2 


58.6 


57.7 


60.1 


59.3 


60.4 


60.4 


60.6 


60.3 


58.9 


59.5 


52.7 


52.0 



10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over 



In 1907 only about one-seventh of those between 10 and 14 years of age 
were wage-earners. In the next age period, 15 to 19 years, the proportion rose 
to nearly one-half, and thereafter, up to 65 years, nearly or quite three-fifths 
were engaged in gainful occupations. The proportion did not materially 
diminish until the latest age period, 65 years and over, although the maximum 
was reached at the period from 45 to 54 years. The differences between the 
proportions for the 2 years is noteworthy in only one point. The proportion in 
the first age period, 10 to 14 years, was much less at the later census. This was 
probably due to two causes: first, the smaller number of children of this age in 
1907, and, second, the great prosperity of the country at this time, as con- 
trasted with the poverty of the people 8 years earlier. 



214 



POPULATION. 



The following table shows the proportions of wage-earners of each sex in the 
different age groii{)s for the censuses of 1907 and 1899 : 



10 to 14 years. . . 

16 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

46 to 54 years 

66 to 64 years 

66 years and over 



PER CKNT OF WAOE-EABNERS. 



Males. 



1907 



27.8 
87.1 
98.8 
99.3 
99.3 
99.3 
99.2 
98.7 
94.7 



1899 



44.0 
91.6 
98.1 
98.5 
98.6 
98.3 
97.6 
96.2 
90.2 



Females. 



1907 



2.6 
11.1 
11.5 
10.6 
11.6 
12.7 
13.6 
12.9 
10.0 



1890 



4.6 
10.3 
11.4 
12.0 
13.4 
14. S 
15.6 
15.8 
13.3 



In tiie youngest age group, both males and females were in much smaller 
proportions in 1907 than in 1899. In the second age group, males were rela- 
tively fewer and females more numerous in the later year. The maximum 
proportion of males, which was reached at the age of 25 and extended thence 
to 44 years, in 1907, was higher in that year than in 1899, and the decrease in 
advancing years was not large. 

The proportion of females was greater in 1899 than in 1907 for almost all of 
the age groups. In 1899, the maximum, 15.8 per cent, was reached in the age 
group 55 to 64 years, while in 1907, the maximum was reached 10 years earlier 
and was only 1.3.6 per cent. 

The following table shows the number and proportion of wage-earners in the 
population, classified by color and nativity and by sex: 



COLOR, NATIVITY, .^ND SEX. 



Total . 



Whites. 



Total 
population. 



2,048,980 



Male 

Female 

Native 

Male. . . 

Female. 
Forciirn 

.Male. . . 

Female. 



Colored!. 



1,428,176 

771,611 
656,565 
1,224,539 
608,597 
615,942 
203,637 
163,014 
40,623 

620.804 



Male. . . 
Female. 



303.271 
317,533 



WAGE-EARNERS. 



Number. 



772.502 



531,699 




240,803 

193,081 
47,722 



Per cent. 



37.7 



37.2 



65.6 
3.9 
30.2 
57.4 
3.2 
79.7 
96.9 
14.7 

38.8 



63.7 
16.0 



> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



The fact that the proportion of white wage-earners was less than that of 
colored was due in part to the larger proportion of young children among 
them, and in part to the larger proportion of white women workers. The 



OCCUPATIONS. 



215 



proportion of male breadwinners was greater among the whites than among 
the colored. In the case of the females, however, the proportion of colored 
breadwinners was about four times as great as that of the whites. 

The large proportion of breadwinners among the foreign white males is, 
of course, due to the age composition of this class. The proportion of female 
wage-earners was more than four times as great among the foreign whites 
as among the native whites. 

The following table gives the proportion of breadwinners in each age group, 
classified by sex, race, and nativity: 





PER 


CENT OF WAGE-EARNERS IN TOTAL POPULATION. 


AGE. 




Males. 




Females. 






Native 
white. 


Foreign 
white. 


Colored.* 


Native 
white. 


Foreign 
white. 


Colored. 




27.0 
84.6 
98.4 
99.1 
99.2 
99.2 
99.2 
98.7 
95.1 


50.7 
97.3 
99.5 


27.3 

87.9 
99.1 


1.5 

6.3 
5.7 
4.6 
4.7 
5.0 
5.1 
4.0 
2.8 


11.0 
27.7 
27.6 
18.8 
14.7 
13.2 
12.2 
8.7 
5.1 


4.9 




19.6 


20 to 24 years 


21.1 


25 to 29 years 


99.4 99.2 


20.7 


30 to 34 years 


99.5 
99.4 
99.1 
98.3 
91.5 


99.3 
99.3 
99.2 
98.8 
95.3 


23.5 


35 to 44 years 


25.3 
26.7 




25.1 




17.6 







'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

The proportions of native white and colored males were very similar to one 
another throughout all ages and contrast strongly with those of the foreign 
white males. The latter were much the highest in the early age groups and 
remained the highest to the age of 45 years, from which point they were 
slightly exceeded by the other classes. 

In the case of females, the proportion of the native white was much the 
smallest at each age period. The proportions of the foreign white were larger 
than those of the colored up to 25 years, but beyond that age they were ex- 
ceeded by the latter; in the latest age periods, the excess was great. The 
large proportions between 15 and 24 years among the foreign whites were 
caused by the class of domestic servants, mainly immigrants from Spain. 
This class has trebled in proportion since 1899. 

The occupations in which persons are engaged are grouped by the census 
into five main classes, as foUoM's: 

Agriculture, fisheries, and mining. 

Domestic and personal service. 

Manufacturing and mechanical industries. 

Trade and transportation. 

Professional service. 
The first class includes all persons engaged in the so-called extractive in- 
dustries or tho.se concerned with getting the wealth out of the earth or water; 
the third class includes those who transform the raw material furnished by 



216 



POPULATION. 



the extractive industries into new forms or combinations; the fourth class 
inchides all ennagocl in giving place or time values to wealth bv moving it 
from a place wiiere it is less needed to a place where it is more needed, or by 
saving it from a time when it is less needed until a time when it is more needed; 
while the second and fifth clas.ses include all who.se contribution to society is 
in the form of personal services rather than of goods or of ser\ices upon goods. 
The line of division between these groups or classes is often obscure, and in 
many individual cases serious difficulties have arisen in selecting the best group 
to which a person or an occupation should be assigned under the imperfect 
description found on the schedule. 

The population of Cuba engaged in gainful occupations was divided as 
follows among the 5 groups: 





WAGE-EARNERS. 


OCCUPATION GROUP. 


Number, 
1907 


Per cent distribution. 




1907 


1899 


Total 


772,502 


100.0 


100.0 








Agriculture, fisheries, and mining 


374,969 
122,288 
126,021 
136,419 
12,805 


48.5 
16.0 
16.3 
17.6 
1.6 


48.1 


Domestic and personal service 


22.8 


Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits 


14.9 


Trade and transportation 


12.8 


Professional service 


1.4 







Nearly one-half of all workers were engaged in agriculture and about one- 
sixth, each, in domestic and personal service, in manufacturing and mechanical 
industries, and in trade and transportation. 

A comparison of the percentages for 1907 and 1899 shows that the pro- 
portion in agricultural pursuits has scarcely changed, but those in domestic 
and personal service have decreased greatly, while those in manufacturing 
and mechanical pursuits and in trade and transportation have greatly in- 
creased. The decided increase in the case of trade and transportation is due 
in a measure, at least, to the recent extension of railways, and to the general 
business prosperity. 

The following table shows the distribution of males and females among 
the great groups of occupations: 



OCCUPATION GROUP. 


PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF 
WAGE-EARNERS. 




Males. 


Females. 


Total 


100.0 


100.0 






Agriculture, fisheries, and mining 


53.2 
10.5 
15.8 
19.2 
1.3 


4.3 


Domestic and personal service 


66.5 


Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits 


21.0 


Trade and transportation 


2.8 


Professional service 


5 4 







OCCUPATIONS. 



217 



Of the males more than one-half were agriculturists; almost one-fifth were 
in trade and transportation; over one-seventh were in manufacturing and me- 
chanical pursuits; and about one-tenth only were in domestic and personal 
service. The proportions for the females differed widely. Two-thirds were in 
domestic and personal service; one-fifth followed manufacturing and mechan- 
ical pursuits; and only about one twenty-fifth were agriculturists; while in 
trade and transportation the proportion was very small. 

The following table shows by sex the distribution of breadwinners among 
the 5 great groups of occupations, by percentage of males and females over 
10 years of age: 



- 


PER CENT OF WAGE-EARNERS. 


OCCUPATION GROUP. 


Among males at 

least 10 years 

of age. 


Among females at 

least 10 years 

of age. 


Agriculture, fisheries, and mining 


47.2 

9.3 

14.0 

17.0 

1.1 


0.4 

6.2 


Domestic and personal service 


Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits .... 


Trade and transportation 


0.3 
0.6 


Professional service 





The following table shows by sex the distribution of breadwinners among 
the 5 great groups of occupations, by percentage of the total population oc- 
cupied: 



OCCUPATION GROUP 


PER CENT OF WAGE-EARNERS. 




Males. 


Females. 


Agriculture, fisheries, and mining 


48.1 

9.5 

14.3 

17.4 

1.1 


0.4 
6.4 
2.0 
0.3 
0.5 


Domestic and personal service 


Manufacturmg and mechanical pursuits 


Trade and transportation 


Professional service 





The following table shows the proportion of males and females in the total 
number of breadwinners in each of the 5 great groups of occupations: 



OCCUPATION GROUP. 



Agriculture, fisheries, and mining 

Domestic and personal service 

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits 

Trade and transportation 

Professional service 




From this table it appears that practically all agriculturists and practically 
all of those engaged in trade and transportation were males; moreover, seven- 
eighths of those engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits and two- 



218 



POPULATION. 



third.s of those in professional service were males. Of the persons engaged in 
domestic and personal service three-fifths were males and two-fifths females. 
The following tahli' .siiow.s for each ajre period the proportion of wage-earners 
engaged in each of tlic 5 great groups of occupations: 





PER CENT OF WAQE-EARNER8 ENOAOED IN — 


AQE. 


Agriculture, 

fisheries, 
and mining. 


Professional 
service. 


Domestic and 
personal 
service. 


Trade and 
transpor- 
tation. 


Manufacturing 
and mechan- 
ical pursuits. 


Total 


48.5 


1.7 


15.8 


17.7 


16.3 






10 to 14 years 

16 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

66 to 64 years 

65 years and over .... 


65.7 
47.8 
48.2 
47.0 
44.5 
45.9 
49.2 
51.7 
58.4 


0.1 
1.0 

1.6 
1.9 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
1.8 
.3 


10.9 
13.4 
15.9 
16.4 
16.3 
16.4 
16.5 
18.3 
17.9 


10.8 
17.6 
17.5 
18.5 
20.4 
18.8 
17.6 
16.8 
12.2 


12.5 
20.2 
16.8 
16.2 
16.8 
16.9 
14.7 
12.4 
10.2 



Much the largest occupation group at all ages was the group for agriculture, 
fisheries, and mining. This group was largest in the youngest age period; 
then it diminished up to 35 years, from which age it increased to the most ad- 
vanced age. Professional service, at all ages, was very small, increasing up 
to middle life and then decreasing. Domestic and personal service increased 
up to 65 years and then diminished. Trade and transportation, starting with 
a small percentage, increased up to 35 years, then diminished. The maximum 
for manufacturing and mechanical pursuits was reached at the age group 15 
to 19 years. 

The following table shows the numbers of those engaged in the 44 im- 
portant occupation classes and the proportions which the numbers so en- 
gaged formed of the total number of wage-earners: 



^ OCCUPATIONS. 



219 



WAGE-EARNERS. 



OCCrPATION. 



Farmers, planters, and farm laborers 

Merchants ' 

Day laborers .\ 

Servants 

Salesmen 

Clgarraakers 

Clerks and copyists 

Launderers 

Carpenters 

Masons .....' 

Draymen and coachmen 

Seamstresses 

PoUcemen and soldiers 

Mechanics 

Shoemakers 

Sailors and boatmen 

Bakers 

Teachers 

Barbers and hairdressers 

Tailors 

Blacksmiths .................' 

Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and financiers. . 

Miners 

Peddlers and hucksters 

Painters 

Dressmakers '......[[..[...[. 

Harness makers 

Printers, Uthographers, etc. .......... 

Cattle dealers 

Fishermen 

Miners and quarrymen 

Machinists ' [[ 

Lawyers • 

Physicians and surgeons 

Apprentices 

Butchers 

Steam railway employees 

Firemen (not locomotive) '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

OflScials of manufacturing companies 

Boilermakers 

Tinsmiths 

Civil engineers and land surveyors. . . . ....... WW ... 

Agents (real estate), collectors,"and commerciartraveiers 
Musicians 




The above 44 occupations comprised 97.8 per cent of all wage-earners. 
Nearly four-fifths of the total number engaged in the first 8 occupations. 

Agriculturists were far the largest class, and formed nearly one-half of all 
wage-earners. Merchants, second in rank, were far below them in number, 
with a proportion of one-sixteenth of all. 



220 



POPULATION. 



The following table shows the number and the proportion of wage-earners 
in each of eleven selected occupations, for the native whites, foreign whites, 
and colored: 









WAQE-EARNERS. 






OCCUPATION. 


Native white. 


Foreign white. 


Colored.* 




Number. 


Per 
cent. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Number. 


Per 
cent. 


Farmers, planters, and farm 


211,025 

20,216 

16,724 

6,118 

9,034 

14,922 

18,986 

3,978 

7,589 

2,595 

4,100 


57.1 
5.5 
4.5 
1.7 
2.4 
4.0 
5.1 
1.1 
2.1 
0.7 
1.1 


48.848 
26,307 
9,851 
9,290 
21.273 
2,096 
5.633 
1,065 
4,570 
2,645 
3,170 


30.1 
16.2 
6.1 
5.7 
13.1 
1.3 
3.5 
0.7 
2.8 
1.6 
2.0 


108,058 
4,333 

15,783 

23.904 
2.017 

10.485 
1.864 

20,500 
9,263 
6,923 
2,929 


44.9 




1.8 


Day laborers 


6.6 




9.9 




0.8 




4.4 




0.8 




8.5 




3.8 




2.9 


Draymen and coachmen .... 


1.2 



I Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

Among the native whites the farmers and farm laborers constituted nearly 
three-fifths of the breadwinners. Merchants, who were next in rank, were less 
than one-tenth as numerous. Then followed clerks and copyists, day laborers, 
and cigarmakers. 

Among the foreign whites, agriculturists, although the most numerous class, 
formed less than one-third of the whole number of breadwinners. Then came 
merchants with about one-sixth, salesmen with one-eighth, and day laborers 
and servants with about one-sixteenth. There were more merchants and 
salesmen in this element of the population than in any other. 

Among the colored, agriculturists were again in far the greatest proportion, 
with about nine-twentieths of all breadwinners. Next came servants, with 
about one-tenth, then laundrymen and day laborers. 

The following table gives the number and proportion of males and of females 
in each of eleven selected occupations: 



OCCUPATION. 



Draymen and coachmen 

Carpenters , 

Masons 

Salesmen 

Farmers, planters, and farm laborers 

Merchants 

Day laborers 

Clerks and copyists 

Cigarmakers 

Servants 

Launderers 



WAQE-EARNERS. 



Males. 



Number. 



10,199 
21,420 
12,161 
32.208 
364.821 
50,302 
41,767 
25,599 
24,161 
15.934 
1.527 



Per cent. 



100.0 
99.9 
99.9 
99.6 
99.2 
98.9 
98.6 
96.7 
87.8 
40.5 
6.0 



Females. 



Number. 



2 

2 

116 

3.110 

554 

591 

884 

3,342 

23,378 

24,016 



Per cent. 



0.1 
0.1 

0.4 

0.8 

1.1 

1.4 

3.3 

12.2 

59.5 

94.0 



FAMILIES AND DWELLINGS. 



221 



All of the draymen and coachmen and nearly all of the carpenters, masons, 
salesmen, agriculturists, merchants, and laborers were males. Most of the 
clerks and copyists, and cigarmakers were males. On the other hand, nearly 
all launderers were females. Of the servants two-fifths were males and three- 
fifths females. 

The following table gives the proportion of all male and female wage-earners 
who were engaged in certain selected occupations: 



OCCUPATION. 



Farmers, planters, and farm laborers 

Merchants 

Day laborers 

Salesmen 

Clerks and copyists 

Cigarmakers 

Carpenters 

Servants 

Masons 

Draymen and coachmen 

Launderers 




Over one-half of all male wage-earners were agriculturists; other important 
classes were merchants and day laborers. Of the female wage-earners, about 
one-third were laundresses and almost as many were servants. 



FAMILIES AND DWELLINGS. 

A family, in the ordinary or popular sense of the word, means a group of 
persons bound together by ties of kindred. Usually they live together, but 
this is not necessarily involved in the word, for a married son or daughter 
occupying a separate house is still regarded as a member of the family. On the 
other hand, not all persons who live with the family are deemed members, for 
servants, laborers, or boarders are excluded. 

The census finds such a definition of the family inapplicable to its field of 
work. The test of kindred can not be applied by the enumerator. In many 
cases families of relatives are dispersed through the community, returns about 
them come through different enumerators, and their names and the facts about 
them can not be assembled on the schedules or tabulated together. Accordingly 
in this field, as in several others, the census is forced to abandon the effort to 
bring together data that belong together and to confine itself to the simpler and 
more practicable task of tabulating together data that are found by the 
enumerators conjoined. The census test of a family is not kinship by blood, 
but association in home life. Persons living in the same home are for census 
purposes members of the same family. 

In census usage, therefore, the word "family" means the group of people, 
whether related by blood or not, who share a common dwelling and table. If 
a person sleeps and eats alone, he constitutes for census purposes a family. 



222 POPULATION. 



On tlie other hand, if a large group of people sleep and eat in a common 
dwt'lliiig, liki' a hotel or convent, they make up a single census family. Census 
families, therefure, may be divided into two classes: Natural families or 
families in the popular sense of that word, and "other families." Members 
of a natural family are bound together primarily by ties of kindred. Members 
of other families are bound together primarily by other motives, usually those 
of an economic character. The latter may perhaps without great violence to 
the facts be called economic families. These two classes of motives may and 
often do coexist, but the family should be classed with natural families or with 
economic families according to the class of motives which is primary. For 
example, a family having only one boarder should doubtless be grouped with 
natural families, but a family in which the boarders largely outnumber the 
blood relatives should be grouped with economic families. 

Size of family. — The limits of size are much wider in ?the economic family 
than in the natural family. The economic family may consist of one person liv- 
ing alone, of two partners living together at their place of business, of three or 
more boarders living with a housekeeper, or of hundreds of guests, nuns, or 
prisoners living together in a hotel, convent, or prison. On the basis of number 
of members alone no sharp lines can be drawn between natural families and 
economic families. Still, the only classification of census families presented in 
the tables of this volume is that by size, and on this basis, therefore, an attempt 
may perhaps be made to divide census families into two classes, one of which 
shall consist mainly of natural families and the other mainly of economic families. 

As a natural family can not be composed of a single member, the lower 
limit of size for a natural family may be drawn with confidence between two 
members and one. The higher limit is more vague and uncertain. Yet it 
seems that if all families of more than ten persons are grouped as economic 
families, a large proportion, if not a majority, of the persons in them might be 
assumed to be living apart from their kindred — that is, as farm laborers in 
their em})loyers' families or as boarders, lodgers, or residents of hotels, 
schools, prisons, or other institutions treated by the census as a family, but not 
so regarded in ordinary speech. On this basis, therefore, the families in Cuba 
may be divided into the following three groups: 

1. Families of one member. 

2. Families of two to ten members. 

3. Families of more than ten members. 

Of these groups the second consists mainly of natural families, the first 
entirely and the third largely, if not mainly, of economic families. 

The total number of families in Cuba in 1907 was 427,630, an increase 
over the number in 1899 of 30.4 per cent, which percentage is a little greater 
than that of the increase in population. The average number of persons in a 
family was 4.8 at both censuses. Considering the great increase in the number 
of young children by 1907, it is surprising that the averages should be the 
same for the two years. The increase in population is of course accounted for 



SIZE OF FAMILIES. 



223 



by the above noted increase in the number of families. In 1900, the average 
family in the United States contained 4.7 persons, and the average for Porto 
Rico in 1899 was 5.3 persons. 

The following table presents the number of families and their average size, 
for each province and for the city of Habana : 



PROVINCE OR CITY. 



Cuba 

City of Habana 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Santa Clara. . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio. . 
CamagUey 



Number of 
families. 



427,630 



70.752 
56.758 
120,413 
93,000 
90,373 
45,663 
21,423 



Average number 

of persons to a 

family. 



4.8 



4.2 
4.2 
4.5 
4.9 
5.0 
5.3 
6.5 



The city of Habana and the province of Matanzas had the smallest average 
family and the sparsely populated province of Camaguey the largest. In 
Pinar del Rio, the number was the same as in Porto Rico; and in Camaguey, 
alone, was it larger. 

While the average size of the Cuban family was 4.8 persons, that of families 
having native white heads was much larger, being 5.2. That of families having 
foreign white heads was the same as that of the total population, 4.8, while that 
of the colored was much smaller, being only 4.2. 

The foUomng table gives, for each province and the city of Habana, the 
average size of family in each element of the population, as determined by the 
race or nationality of its head: 



PROVINCE OR CITT. 



Cuba ... 

Camagiley 

Habana 

City of Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio. . 
Santa Clara. . . . 



AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO A FAMILY. 



All 

classes. 



4.8 



5.5 
4.5 
4.2 
4.2 
5.0 
5.3 
4.9 



Native 
white. 



5.2 



5.8 
4.9 
4.7 
4.8 
5.3 
5.4 
5.2 



Foreign 
white. 



4.8 



6.0 
4.4 
4.2 
4.6 
4.9 
5.7 
5.1 



Colored.* 



4.2 



5.0 
3.7 
3.5 
3.5 
4.2 
4.7 
4.3 



I Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



In all provinces the native white families were larger than those of the total 
population; the foreign white families were smaller in one-half of the provinces 
and larger in the other half; M'hile in all cases the colored families were much 
smaller. 

The following table presents, for each province and for Habana city, the 
per cent distribution, by size, of the whole number of families: 



224 



POPULATION. 



FBBSON8 


PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF NXDCBBB OF FAMILIES. 


TO A 
FAMILT. 


Cuba. 


Gama- 
gOey. 


Habana. 


City of 
Habana. 


Matan- 
zas. 


Oriente. 


Plnar 
del Rfo. 


Santa 
Clara. 


1 


8.7 

14.9 

15.3 

14.3 

12.8 

10.5 

7.9 

5.7 

3.7 

2.4 

3.3 

0.3 

0.2 


6.3 

12.4 

13.2 

12.8 

12.1 

10.6 

8.8 

6.9 

5.4 

4.0 

6.8 

0.5 

0.2 


11.3 

17.6 

16.4 

14.3 

12.1 

9.3 

6.5 

4.5 

2.9 

1.8 

2.7 

0.4 

0.2 


14.3 

20.3 

17.3 

13.5 

10.6 

7.6 

5.4 

3.7 

2.5 

1.6 

2.5 

0.5 

0.2 


12.5 

17.8 

16.7 

14.2 

12.0 

9.1 

6.6 

4.4 

2.8 

1.7 

2.0 

0.1 

0.1 


6.7 

13.0 

14.9 

14.6 

13.3 

11.1 

8.7 

6.5 

4.2 

2.9 

3.7 

0.2 

0.2 


6.1 

10.7 

13.3 

14.1 

14.0 

12.4 

10.0 

7.1 

4.7 

3.1 

3.9 

0.4 

0.2 


6.9 


2 


14.0 


3 


15.1 


4 


14.7 


5 


13.4 


6 


11.1 


7 


8.4 


8 


8.1 


9 


4.0 


10 


2.6 


11 to 15 

16 to 20 

21 and over 


3.3 
0.3 
0.2 



The number of families of 1 person each was 37,300. This was 8.7 per cent 
of the total number of families and represented 1.8 per cent of the total popula- 
tion. In other words, out of every hundred people, 1.8 persons were living 
alone. In 1899, the corresponding proportion was 1.95 per cent, while in 
Porto Rico in 1899, the percentage was only 0.82. In the United States in 
1900, families of one person each formed 5.1 per cent of all families, and 
represented 1.1 per cent of the population. The proportion of 1-person fami- 
lies in the provinces was greatest in Matanzas, Habana being second, and 
was least in Pinar del Rio. 

This disposition to live alone was far more decided in the cities than in the 
country. Of the total number living alone, no fewer than 18,092, or a little 
less than one-half, were living in the 19 largest cities. In these 19 cities, 2.9 
persons out of every hundred were living alone, while in rural Cuba the pro- 
portion was but 1.3 person in every hundred. 

The following table shows the percentage of persons living alone in each 
of the 19 largest cities: 



CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent of 

persons living 

alone. 


CITT HAVINO AT LEAST 8,000 
INHABITANTS. 


Per cent of 

persons living 

alone. 


Total 


2.9 








2.4 




4.5 
3.6 
3.4 
3.0 
3.0 
2.8 
2.7 
2.6 
2.5 


GOines 


2.1 




Guant&namo 


2.1 




Camagtley 


2.0 




Caibari6n 


1.6 




Santa Clara 


1.6 


Pinar del Rio 


Trinidad 


1.6 




San Antonio de los Baflos 

Manzanillo 


1.5 




1.4 




Sancti-Spiritus 


1.4 









The proportion of families of more than 10 members was 3.7 per cent, 
representing a population of 222,643, or 10.9 per cent of the total. As there 
were 15,866 families in this group, the average number per family was 14.0 
persons. In 1899, the proportion of the population in this group of families 
was 12.9 per cent. 

In the United States in 1900, this group of families formed 2.2 per cent of 
all families and contained 7 per cent of the population and on the average, each 



SIZE OF FAMILIES. 



225 



such family contained 15.2 persons; thus the proportion of such families was 
less than in Cuba, and the average family was large. 

The following table shows for each province and for Habana city the pro- 
portion which the number of families of more than 10 members each formed 
of the total number of families; the proportion which the population in these 
families formed of the total population; and the average number of persons 
in such families : 





FAMILIES WITH MORE THAN 10 MEMBERS. 


PROVINCE OR CITY. 


Per cent number 

forms Of total 

number of families. 


Per cent popula- 
tion forms of total 
population. 


Average number 

of persons to a 

family. 


Cuba 


3.7 


10.9 


14.0 




CamagQey 


7.5 
3.2 
3.1 
2.1 
4.1 
4.5 
3.7 


18.4 
11.6 
13.0 
6.8 
10.8 
12.9 
10.2 


13.4 
16.0 
17.4 
13.6 
13.4 
15.2 
13.5 


Habana 


City of Habana 


Matanzas 


Oriente 


Pinar del Rio 


Santa Clara 





The proportional number of families was largest in Camagiiey and smallest 
in Matanzas. It is also rather small in the city and the province of Habana. 
As one expects to find the proportion of the population in hotels, boarding 
houses, and institutions larger in cities than in the country, the small proportion 
of families in Habana is surprising until one sees that the average size of such 
families is considerably larger in Habana than elsewhere and that, except in 
Camaguey, the percentage of population is greater. 

The families containing from 2 to 10 members constituted 87.6 per cent, or 
seven-eighths, of all families, and represented 87.3 per cent of the total popula- 
tion. In Cuba, in 1899, 85 per cent of the population were in this group of 
families; in the United States, in 1900, the proportion was much larger, namely,. 
91.7 per cent, while the proportion of families in this group was 93.3 per cent. 

The following table presents the percentage which families of each specified 
size from 2 to 10 persons bore to all families, and the percentage of the 
population contained in such families: 



PERSONS TO A FAMILY. 



Total 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

15 



FAMILIES WITH 2 TO 10 MEMBERS. 



Per cent number 

forms of total 

number of families. 



Per cent popula- 
tion forms of total 
population. 



87.6 



14.9 
16.4 
14.4 
12.8 
10.5 
7.9 
6.7 
3.7 
2.4 



87.3 



6.2 
9.6 
12.0 
13.4 
13.1 
11.5 
9.5 
7.0 
5.0 



'22f) 



POPULATION. 



l*\iinilics of :{ iiiciulK'rs wen- tlu' most numerous, but the families of 5 meni- 
vbers conlairitMl tlu- largest proportion of the popuhition. Dividing the al[>ove 
; into two groups, first, small families, those with from 2 to 5 members, and 

second, large families, those with from (> to 10 members, it appears that the 

small families comprised 57.4 percent of all families, i)ut represented only 41. 2 
;per cent of the j)opnlation; while the large families comprised only 30.2 per 
^cent of all families, but represented 4G.1 per cent of the population. 

The following table shows, by provinces, the proi)ortion which families of 

2 to 10 members bore to all families, and the proportion which the population 

in them bore to the total population: 





PROVINCK. 


FAMILIES WITH 2 


TO 10 MEHBEBS. 




Per cent number 

forms of total 

number of families. 


Per cent popula- 
tion forms of 
total population. 


Culm 




87.6 


87.3 










89.4 
89.4 
89.3 
86.2 
85.4 
85.3 


86.0 




88.4 




87.9 




80.6 




85.9 




90.2 









In four of the provinces the percentage of families was greater than that of 
population. 

Dwcltin(/.s.--'Vhc total miuilxn- of occupied dwellings in Cuba in 1907 was 
350,830. The average numlier of persons to a dwelling was 5.8 and the 
.averagi- munber of families, 1.2. In 1899, the number of occupied dwellings 
was 202,724; thus there was an increase in 8 years of 33.() in the number. 
In 1899. the average number of })ersons to a dwelling was 6.0 and the avcr- 
4ige number of families, 1.2. 

The following table shows the average number of families and the average 
number of persons to a dwelling in each province and in the city of Habana: 



PROVINf'E OR CITY. 



Total... 

Camairtley 

Habana 

City of Flabaua 

MaVanzas 

Orienle 

Pinar del Rio.. 
Santa Clara. . . 



Average num- 
ber of families 
to a 
dwelling. 



1.2 



Average num- 
ber of persons 
to a 
dwelling. 



5.8 




The large number of families and persons to a dwelling in Habana city 
are notable, although large numbers are usual in all large cities. The aver- 
age number of persons to a dwelling has increased in Habana city since 1899, 



DWELLINGS. 



227 



when it was 9.4 persons. In the other cities of Cuba, especially the larger 
cities, there was a slight tendency in the same direction. In the 19 cities, col- 
lectively, the persons per dwelling numbered 7.2. Excluding Habana, which 
is, in a way, in a class by itself, the number is reduced to 5.6. In rural 
Cuba, the number of persons per dwelling was 5.4, or only a little less than 
the number in the 18 large cities other than Habana. 

The average number of families and the average number of persons to a 
dwelling in each of the 19 cities follows: 



CITY. 


Average num- 
ber of families 
to dwelling. 


Average num- 
ber of persons 
to dwelling. 


Habana 


2.5 
1.4 
1.4 
1.2 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.1 
1.1 
1.2 
1.3 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.7 
1.2 
1.5 
1.1 
1.3 




10.3 


Santiago de Cuba 


6 


Matanzas 


5.9 


Cienfuegos 


5 4 


CamagUey 


6.2 


Cardenas 


5.2 


Sancti-Spiritus 


6 7 


Santa Clara 


5.1 


Manzanillo 


5.1 


Guantanamo 


5 4 


Guanabacoa 


6.0 


Sagua la Grande 


5.2 


Trinidad 


5 1 


Pinar del Rio 


5.1 


Marianao 


7 8 


Jovellanos 


4 6 


San Antonio de los Baflos 


6.6 


CaibariSn 


6.0 


Gtlines 


5 3 







Of the 19 cities, no less than 9 had fewer persons to a dwelling than the 
number in rural Cuba, while 8 had a greater number, and in 2 the numbers 
were the same. 



GENERAL TABLES 



POPULATION TABLES. 



Table 1. — Total population at different censuses: 1774 ^'' 1907. 



YKAR. 


Population. 


TEAB. 


Population. 


1774 .... 


171,620 
272,300 
572,363 
704,487 
1,007,624 


1861 


1 396 530' 


1792 


1877 


1,509,291 


1817 


1887 


1,631 ,687 


1827 


1899 


1 572 797' 


1841 


1907 


2 048,980 









Table 2. — Population of the provinces at different censuses: 1S61 to 1901 



province'. 


1861' 


1887 


1899 


1907 


Cuba 


1.396,530 


1,631,687 


1,572,797 


2,048,980 






Camagtley 


85,702 
393,789 
234,524 
264,520 
146,685 
271,310 


67,789 
451,928 
259,578 
272,379 
225,891 
354,122 


88,234 
427,514 
202,444 
327,715 
170,354 
356,536 


118,269 


Habana 


538,010 


Matanzas 


239,812 


Oriente 


455 086 


Pinar del Rio 


240 372 


Santa Clara 


457,431 







'The population of the provinces is estimated. 

Table S.— Population of rQ,unicipalities : 1907. 
PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY. 



MUNICIPALITY. 


Population. 


MUNICIPALITY. 


Population. 


Province 


118,269 


Mor6n . . 


13 898 






10,620 
9 .550 


CamagUev 


66,460 
17,741 


Santa Cruz del Sur 


Ciego de Avila 











PROVINCE OF HABANA. 



MUNICIPALITY. 



Province . 

Aguacate 

Alqufzar 

Bataban6 

Bauta 

Bejucal 

Guanabacoa. . . . 

GOines 

GUira de Melena 



Population. 



538,010 



MUNICIPALITY. 



Habana 

Isla de Pinos. 

7,305 li .Janico 

10,561 I MiKlvuRii. 



16,434 II Marianao 

13,430 li Niieva Paz 

15,656 ,\ .San .\ntonio de los Baftos. 

24,968 i| San .]o»6 de las Lajas 

32,216 I Santa Maria del Rosario.. 

13 ,701 1 Santiago de las Vegas. ... 



Population. 



302,526 

3,276- 

12,067 

7,1111 

18,156 

12,196 

20 , 447 

1 1 , 988 

3,915 

13,058 



(231) 



232 



POPULATION. 



Table 3. — Population of municipalities: 1907 — Continued. 
PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. 



mmiciPALiTr. 


Population. 


mnaciPALrrr. 


Population. 


Province 


230,812 


Jag^ey Grande 


10 256 






17,024 
15 104 


Alacranes 


15.838 
12.377 
28.576 
52.006 


Martt 


Bolondrdn 




64 385 


C&rdenas 


Pedro Betancourt . . ... 


13 044 


Colon 




11 202 









PROVINCE OF ORIENTE. 



MUNICIPALITY. 


Population. 


MUNICIPAI-ITT. 


Population. 


Province 


455,086 


Holg^n. . . . . 


50 224 






13,325 
54 900 


Alto Songo 


20,553 
27,852 
26,511 
16,215 
14,715 
39,343 
43,300 




Baracoa 


Mavarl . 


17 628 


Bavarno 


Palma Soriano . . . ... 


20 235 


Cahev 


Puerto Padre 


34,061 


Cobre 


Sagua de T&namo 


8 398 


Gibara 


San Luis 


14 212 


Guantdnamo 




53.614 









PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RfO. 



MUKICIPALITY. 


Population. 


MUNICIPALITY. 


Population. 


Province 


240,372 


Guane 


29,236 






11,041 
50,071 


Artemisa 


14,719 
11,552 
11,471 
28,819 
15,336 


Pinar del Rio 


Cabanas 




20,388 


Consolaci(5n del Norte 


San Juan v Martinez... . . . 


19 807 


Consolacifin del Sur 




1 1 , 092 


Guanajay 




16,840 









PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. 



MUNICIPALITY . 


Population. 


MUNICIPALITY. 


Population. 


Province 


457,431 


Ranchuelo 


12,537 






22.083 
26.937 


Caibarifin 


10,053 
16,979 
14,583 
70,416 
10,239 
18,183 
15,750 
16,682 
11,309 
14,616 


Sagua la Grande 


Calahazar 


San .\ntonio de las.Vueltas. . . . 


16.861 


CainaJuanI 


36.572 


Cienfuegos 


San Juan de los Remedios 


21.673 


Cruces 


46 . 640 


Esperanza 


Santa Isabel de los Lajas 


11.407 


Palmira 


20 . 776 


Placetas 


Trinidad 


29.548 


Queinado de GOines 


Yasrualav 


13.707 


Ranciio Veloz 











GENERAL TABLES. 



233 



Table 4. — Population of cities and towns having at least 1,000 inhabitants or more- 

1907. 



CITY OR TOWN. 



Abreus Rod 



Agramonte. 

Aguacate 

Aguada de Pasajeros. 

Alacranes 

Alqulzar 

Alto Songo 

Amarillas 

Arroyos 

Artemisa 

Bahia Honda 

Banagtiises 

Banes 

Baracoa 

Bauta 

Bayamo 

Beiucal 

Bolondr(5n 

Cabafias 

Caibari^n 

Caimito 

Calabazar 

Calabazar 

Calimete 

CamagQey 

Camajuahf 

Camarones 

Carapechuela , 

Candado 

Candelaria 

Caney 

Cardenas 

Carlos Rojas 

Cascajal 

Casilda 

Catalina 

Celba 

Ciego de Avila 

Cienfuegos 

Cifuentes 

Cobre 

Col6n 

Consolacifin del Sur. . . 

Cotorro 

Cristo 

Cruces 

Encruci jada 

Esperanza 

Gibara 

Guanabacoa 

Guanajay 

Guane 

Guantanamo 

Guara 

Gtlines 

GUira 

Gttira 

Habana 

Holgufn 

Isabela 

Jagiley Grande 

Jamaica 

Jaruco 

Jiguanf 

Jovellanos 

La Salud 

Limonar 

Madruga 

Manguito 

Manicaragua 

Mantua 

Manzanlllo 

Marianao 

Marie! 

Matanzas 

Maximo G6mez 

Mayarf 

Melena del Sur 

Minas 



Municipal district. 



Col(3n 

Aguacate.. , 
Cienfuegos . 
Alacranes. . 
Alqulzar. . . 
Alto Songo. 

Colon 

Mantua. . . . 
Artemisa. . . 
Cabafias. . . 

Col(3n 

Gibara 

Baracoa 

Bauta 

Bayamo. . . 
Bejucal . . . . 
Bolondr6n.. 

Cabafias 

Caibari^n. . 

Bauta 

Calabazar. 



Santiago de las Vegas. 
Col6n 



CamagQey. 

Camajuanl 

Palmira 

Manzanillo 

Trinidad 

San Cristobal 

Caney 

Cardenas 

Jovellanos 

Santo Domingo 

Trinidad 

GUiiies 

Marianao 

Ciego de Avila 

Cienfuegos 

Sagua la Grande 

Cobre 

CoI6n 

Consolacifin del Sur 

Santa Maria del Rosario . 

Caney 

Cruces 

Calabazar 

Esperanza 

Gibara 

Guanabacoa , 

Guanajay 

Guane 

Guantanamo , 

Gttines 

GQines , 

Bolondrdn 

GOira de Melena 

Habana 

Holguln 

Sagua la Grande 

Jaguey Grande 

Guantanamo 

Jaruco 

Jiguanf 

Jovellanos 

Bejucal 

Matanzas 

-Madruga 

Col6n 

Santa Clara 

Mantua 

Manzanillo 

Marianao 

Guanajay 

Matanzas 

Mart! 

Mavarl 

GQines 

CamagQey 



Province. 



Santa Clara. . . . 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Santa Clara. . . . 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Oriente 

Matanzas 

Pinar del Rio. . 

Pinar del Rio . . 

Pinar del Rio. . 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Oriente 

Habana 

Oriente 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Pinar del Rio. . 

Santa Clara. . . . 

Habana 

Santa Clara.. . . 

Habana 

Matanzas 

CamagQey 

Santa Clara.. . . 

Santa Clara.. . . 

Oriente 

Santa Clara.. . . 

Pinar del Rio. . 

Oriente 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Santa Clara.. . . 
Santa Clara. . . . 

Habana 

Habana 

CamagQey 

Santa Clara 

Santa Clara. . . . 

Oriente 

Matanzas 

Pinar del Rio . . 

Habana 

Oriente 

Santa Clara.. . . 
Santa Clara.. . . 
Santa Clara.. . . 

Oriente 

Habana 

Pinar del Rio. . 
Pinar del Rio. . 

Oriente 

Habana 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Habana 

Oriente 

Santa Clara 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Habana 

Oriente 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Habana 

Matanzas 

Santa C^lara 

Pinar del Rio. . . 

Oriente 

Habana 

Pinar del Rio . . . 

Matanzas 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Habana 

CamagQey 



Popu- 
lation. 



2,095 
1,852 
1,109 
1,452 
2,870 
4. .315 
1,310 
1,986 
1,056 
3,831 
1,263 
1,130 
3,788 
5,633 
1,907 
4,102 
5,265 
2,581 
1,015 
8,333 
1,000 
1,496 
1,400 
1,180 
29,616 
5,316 
1,127 
3,933 
1,179 
1,746 
1,067 
24,280 
1,635 
1,140 
1,246 
1,490 
2,661 
4,242 
30,100 
1,492 
1,781 
7,124 
3,414 
1,178 
1,316 
5,111 
1,801 
2,754 
6,170 
14,368 
6,400 
1,369 
14,559 
1.020 
8,053 
1,253 
5,550 
297,159 
7,592 
1.968 
1,826 
1,400 
2,056 
1 ,362 
9,246 
1.465 
1,659 
2,175 
1,181 
1.434 
1.167 
15.819 
9.332 
1,592 
36.009 
1.708 
2.746 
1.615 
1.387 



16 



-234 



POPULATION. 



Table 4. — Population of cities and toxons having at leant 1,000 inhabitants or more: 

1907 '-Continued. 



CITT OR TOWN. 



Mortfn 

NlqiuTO 

Nueva Paz 

Nuevitas 

PalacioB 

Palnia Suriauo 

Palmira 

Palos 

Pedro Betancourt 

Perito 

Pinar del Rto 

Placeta.s 

Pueblo (le Kataban6 

Puerto Pa<lre 

Punta Krava 

Quenuida de GQines 

Ciuivici'iii 

Raiiflio Veloz 

Ranchuelo 

Remedies 

Rodns 

Sagua la Grande 

Sagua de Taiiaino 

San Antonio de los Bailos 

San Cayetano 

San Crist6bal 

Sancti-Spiritus 

San Telipe 

San Josd de las Lajas 

f?an Jos^ de los Ramos. . . 

San Juan de las Yeras 

Ban Juan y Martinez 

San Luis 

San Luis 

San Nicolds 

Santa Ana 

Santa Clara 

6anta Cruz del Siir 

Santa Isabel de las Lajas. 

Santa Lucia 

Santiago de Cuba 

Santiago de las Vegas. . . . 

Santo Domingo 

Surgidero de Bataban<5. . . 

Tapaste 

Trinidad 

Tunas 

Uni6n de Reyes 

Veguita 

Vereda Nueva 

Vieja Bermeja 

Vinales 

Vueltas 

Yaguajay 

Zulueta 



Municipal district. 



Province. 



Morfin 

Manzanillo 

N ueva Paz 

Nuevitas 

San Cristobal 

Palma Soriano 

Palmira 

N ueva Paz 

Pedro Betancourt 

Col6n 

Pinar del Rio 

Placet as 

Bataljanfi 

Puerto Padre 

Bauta 

Queniado de GQines 

Bejucal 

Raiicho Veloz 

Ranciuielo 

San Juan de los Remedies. 

Rodas 

Sagua la Grande 

Sagua de Tinamo 

San .'Vntonio de los Baflos. 

Viflales 

San Cristobal 

Sancti-Spiritus 

Batuban(5 

Sail Jose de las Lajas 

Col6n 

Ranchuelo 

San Juan y Martinez 

San Luis 

San Luis 

GOines 

Matanzas 

Santa Clara 

Santa Cruz del Sur 

Santa Isabel de las Lajas. . 

Gibara 

Santiago de Cuba 

Santiago de las Vegas 

Santo Domingo 

BatabanC 

San Jos(? de las Lajas 

Trinidad 

Puerto Padre 

Uni(3n de Reyes 

Bayamo 

San Antonio de los Baflos. 

Alacranes 

Viflales 

San Antonio de las Vueltas 

Yaguajay 

San Juan de los Remedies . 



CamagOey . . . 

Oriente 

Habana 

Camagtlev. . . 
Pinar del Rio 

Oriente 

Santa Clara. . 

Habana 

Matanzas. . . . 
Matanzas. . . . 
Pinar del Rio 
Santa Clara. . 

Habana 

Oriente 

Habana 

Santa Clara. . 

Habana 

Santa Clara. . 
Santa Clara. . 
Santa Clara. . 
Santa Clara. . 
Santa Clara. . 

Oriente 

Habana 

Pinar del Rio 
Pinar del Rio 
Santa Clara. . 

Habana 

Habana 

Matanzas. . . . 
Santa Clara. . 
Pinar del Rio 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 

Habana 

Matanzas. . . . 
Santa Clara. . 
CamagQey . . . 
Santa Clara. . 

Oriente 

Oriente 

Habana 

Santa Clara. . 

Habana 

Habana 

Santa Clara. . 

Oriente 

Matanzas. . . . 

Oriente 

Habana 

Matanzas. . . . 
Pinar del Rio 
Santa Clara. . 
Santa Clara. . 
Santa Clara. . 



Popu- 
lation. 



,527 
,584 
,379 
,386 
,082 
,333 
,137 
,100 
,349 
,322 
,634 
,184 
,533 
,173 
,916 
,867 
,270 
,317 
,859 
,088 
,306 
,393 
,222 
,126 
,159 
,456 
,440 
,200 
,873 
,389 
,601 
,486 
,441 
,533 
,326 
,033 
,702 
,640 
,509 
,183 
,470 
,462 
,090 
,990 
,300 
,197 
,147 
,941 
,012 
,037 
,087 
,42S 
.129 
.110 
,956 



GENERAL TABLES. 



235 



Table 5. — Population, classified by sex, general nativity, and color, by proi^inces: 1907. 
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.] 



PBOVINCE. 


TOTAL. 


NATIVE WHITE. 


FOBEION WHITE. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Cuba. 


2,048,980 


1,074,882 


974,098 


1.224,539 


608,597 


616,942 


203,637 


163,014 


40,623 


Camagtley.. . 

Habana 

City of Ha- 
bana 

Matanzas.. . . 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 

Santa Clara.. 


118,269 
538,010 

297,169 
239.812 
455.086 
240.372 
457,431 


62,118 
284,751 

157,166 
123,560 
233,736 
128,542 
242,175 


56,151 
253,259 

140,004 
116,252 
221,350 
111,830 
215,256 


88,661 
316,040 

148,528 
130,879 
231,585 
165,019 
292,355 


44,555 
153,211 

69,183 
64.765 

114,870 
84.679 

146,517 


44,106 
162,829 

79,346 
66,114 

116.715 
80,340 

146,838 


7,932 
95,832 

72,816 
17,656 
27,409 
15,483 
39,325 


6,634 
73,414 

64,765 
13,917 
22,645 
13,591 
32,813 


1,298 
22,418 

18,051 
3,739 
4,764 
1,892 
6,512 


PROVINCE. 


BLACK. 


MIXED. 


YELLOW. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Cuba. 


274,272 


133,655 


140,617 


334,695 


157,975 


176,720 


11,837 


11.641 


196 


CamagQey. . . 

Habana 

City of Ha- 
bana 

Matanzas. . . . 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 

Santa Clara.. 


8,846 
59.186 

80,612 
50.633 
67.523 
.35,753 
52,331 


4,573 
26,617 

12,476 
24,272 
33,885 
18,148 
26,160 


4,273 
32,569 

18,136 
26,361 
33,638 
17,605 
26,171 


12,535 
63,674 

42,753 
37,354 
127,837 
23,512 
69,783 


6,063 
28,347 

IS ,380 
17,337 
61,615 
11,541 
33,072 


6,472 
35,327 

24,373 
20,017 
66,222 
11,971 
36,711 


295 
3,278 

2,450 

3,290 

732 

605 

3,637 


293 
3,162 

2,351 

3,269 

721 

583 

3,613 


2 

116 

99 
21 
11 
22 
24 



Table 6. — Population, classified by age and sex, by provinces: 1907. 
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.] 







Total 
population. 


UNDER 5 YEARS. 


5 TO 17 YEARS. 




Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Cuba 


2,048,980 


173,657 


168,995 


272,585 


268.860 




CamagQey 


118,269 
538,010 
297,169 
239,812 
456,086 
240,372 
457,431 


9,613 
37,416 
16,032 
19,394 
43,059 
23,810 
40,365 


9,091 
36,963 
15,955 
19,027 
41,279 
23,237 
39,398 


17,651 
63,348 
33,750 
30.057 
67.103 
35,308 
59,118 


17,203 
62,575 
33,548 
30,743 
65.899 
33.637 
58.803 


Habana 


City of Habana 


Matanzas 


Oriente 


Pinar del Rio 


Santa Clara 




PROVINCE. 


18 TO 20 YEARS. 


21 TO 44 YEARS. 


45 YEARS AND OVER. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Cuba 


77,001 


76 , 145 


398,647 


328.259 


162,992 


131,839 


CamagUey 

Habana 


4,697 
21,631 
12,602 

8,322 
16,669 

8,449 
17,433 


4,643 
18.479 
10,097 

9.093 
18.173 

8,679 
17,178 


20,737 
122,972 
73,113 
43,610 
76,253 
46,211 
88.864 


16,961 
97,822 
67,664 
39,887 
66,039 
35,823 
71,737 


9,620 
39,484 
21 ,668 
22, m 
30,652 
14.764 
36.395 


8,363 
.37,420 
23,760 
17,602 
29,960 
10,454 
28,140 


City of Habana . . 
Matanzas 


Oriente 


Pinar del Rio 

Santa Clara 



230 



POPULATION. 



Tabus 7. — Population, classified by nativity, color, sex, and age: 1907. 



All ages 

Under 1 year 

1 year 

2 years 

3 years 

4 years 

6 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 17 years. . . . 
18 to 19 years. . . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . . 
26 to 29 years .... 
30 to 34 years. . . . 
35 to 39 years. . . . 
40 to 44 years. . . . 
45 to 49 years. . . . 
50 to 54 years. . . . 
55 to 59 years. . . . 
60 to 64 years. . . . 
65 to 69 years. . . . 
70 to 74 years .... 
75 to 79 years. . . . 
80 to 84 years .... 
85 to 89 years. . . . 
90 to 94 years. . . . 
95 to 99 years. . . . 
100 years and over 
Unknown 



2,048,980 



Total. 



64,599 

59,338 

73,850 

72,860 

72,005 

224,755 

180,786 

135,904 

100,075 

53,071 

180.882 

184,567 

135,347 

117,942 

108,168 

79,800 

70,253 

39,694 

41,251 

18,284 

16,485 

7,020 

6,312 

2,136 

1,708 

678 

522 

688 



Male. 



1,074,882 



32,668 

30,387 

37,548 

36,796 

36,258 

113.813 

92,793 

65.979 

50.840 

26.161 

99,134 

100,051 

74,971 

64,472 

60,019 

44,886 

37,509 

22,166 

21,275 

9,670 

8.291 

3.600 

2.908 

999 

763 

309 

239 

377 



Female. 



074.098 



31.931 

28,951 

36.302 

36.064 

35.747 

110.942 

87.993 

69,925 

49,235 

26,910 

81,748 

84,516 

60,376 

53,470 

48,149 

34,914 

32,744 

17,528 

19,976 

8,614 

8,194 

3,420 

3,404 

1,137 

945 

369 

283 

311 



NATtVI! WHITE. 



Total. 



1.224,539 



47,043 

42,127 

52,443 

51,623 

50,506 

149,819 

119,716 

86,437 

59,720 

31,079 

107,162 

103 , 133 

71,506 

62.339 

56.396 

42.363 

34,609 

19,213 

17,339 

7,955 

6,002 

2,778 

1,884 

685 

319 

147 

63 

133 



Male. Female. 



608,597 



23,921 

21,641 

26,716 

26.227 

25.558 

76,295 

61,383 

40,495 

28,409 

13,910 

54.532 

50,418 

35,176 

30,981 

28,893 

22,125 

17,008 

9,508 

7,479 

3,379 

2,348 

1,128 

617 

225 

97 

44 

17 

67 



615,043 



23,122 

20,486 

25,727 

25,306 

24,948 

73,624 

58,333 

45,042 

31.311 

17,169 

52,630 

52,715 

36,330 

31.368 

27.603 

20,238 

17.601 

9.705 

9.860 

4.576 

3.654 

1.650 

1,267 

460 

222 

103 

40 

66 



FOREIGN WHITE. 



Total. 



Male. 



Female. 



COLORED. » 



Total. 



Male. 



Female. 



All ages. . . . 

Under 1 yea' 

1 year 

2 years 

3 years 

4 years 

5 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 17 years. . . . 
18 to 19 years. . . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . . 
25 to 29 years. . . . 
30 to 34 years .... 
35 to 39 years. . . . 
40 to 44 years. . . . 
46 to 49 years. . . . 
60 to 54 years .... 
55 to 69 years. . . . 
60 to 64 years .... 
65 to 69 years .... 
70 to 74 years .... 
75 to 79 years. . . . 

80 to 84 years 

85 to 89 years .... 
90 to 94 years .... 
95 to 99 years .... 
100 years and over 
Unknown 



203.637 

180 
296 

654 

863 

836 

3,928 

4,639 

7,708 

9,782 

6.195 

23.063 

31.500 

28,545 

22,259 

19,307 

13,821 

11.406 

6,617 

5,558 

2,728 

1,811 

928 

522 

199 

72 

36 

15 

170 



163.014 

81 

146 

359 

439 

420 

2,075 

2,916 

6,366 

8,375 

6,200 

19,178 

25,659 

23,369 

18,191 

15,954 

11,477 

9,006 

5,212 

4,136 

1,981 

1,277 

586 

303 

115 

36 

21 

8 

128 



40.623 

99 

149 

295 

424 

416 

1,853 

1,723 

1,342 

1,407 

995 

3.885 

5.841 

5.176 

4,068 

3.353 

2.344 

2.400 

1.405 

1,422 

747 

534 

342 

219 

84 

36 

16 

7 

42 



620.804 



303.271 



17,376 

16,916 

20,753 

20,374 

20,663 

71,008 

56,431 

41,759 

30,573 

15,797 

50,657 

49,934 

35,296 

33,344 

32,465 

23,616 

24.238 

13.864 

18,354 

7.601 

8.672 

3.314 

3.906 

1.252 

1,317 

495 

444 

385 



8,666 

8,600 

10,473 

10.130 

10.280 

35.443 

28.494 

19.118 

14.056 

7.051 

25.424 

23,974 

16,426 

15,300 

16,172 

11,284 

11,495 

7.446 

9,660 

4.310 

4.666 

1.886 

1.988 

669 

630 

244 

214 

182 



317.633 



8,710 

8,316 

10.280 

10,244 

10,383 

35,566 

27.937 

22.641 

16,517 

8,746 

25,233 

25.960 

18,870 

18,044 

17,293 

12,332 

12,743 

6,418 

8,694 

3,291 

4,006 

1,428 

1,018 

693 

687 

261 

230 

203 



> Includes black, mixed, and yellow 



GENERAL TABLES. 



237 



Table 8. — Population classified by birthplace, by provinces: 1907. 
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.] 





Total 
popu- 
lation. 


COUNTKT OP BIBTH. 


PROVINCE. 


Cuba. 


Spain. 


United 
States. 


China. 


Africa. 


Other 
countries. 


Un- 
known. 


Cuba 


2,048,980 


1,820,239 


185,393 


6.713 


11,217 


7,948 


17,206 


264 


Camagliey .... 

Habana 

City of H a- 
bana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio . . 

Santa Clara. . . 


118,269 
538,010 

297,169 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 


109,517 
437,096 

220,992 
216,340 
422,303 
223,556 
411,427 


6,562 
87,451 

66,768 
16,576 
22,738 
14,251 
37,815 


715 
3,706 

2 422 
387 

1,009 
465 
431 


282 
2,940 

2,207 

3,221 

676 

540 

3,558 


368 
1,010 

SS9 

2,486 

434 

730 

2,920 


824 
6,561 

4,381 
802 

7,917 
825 

1,277 


1 

246 

9 

5 
3 



Table 9. — Population, classified by sex and color, and by birthplace: 1907. 



COUNTRY 


TOTAL. 


WHITE. 


COLORED.' 


OP BIRTH. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. Female. 


Total... 


2,048,980 


1,074,882;974,098 


1,428,176 


771,611 


656,565 


620,804 


303,271317,533 


Cuba 

Porto Rico . . 

The remain- 
ing West 
Indies. . . . 

Mexico 

Central and 
South Am- 
erica 

United States 

Spain 

France 

United King- 
dom 

Other Euro- 
pean coun- 
tries 

Africa 

China 

Other coun- 
tries and 
unknown.. 


1,820,239 
2,918 

4,280 
1,187 

1,442 

6,713 

185,393 

1,476 

1,252 

1,811 

7,948 

11,217 

3,104 


891,949 
1,875 

2,630 
504 

786 

3,997 

151,828 

950 

795 

1,425 

4,808 

11,166 

2,169 


928,290 
1,043 

1,650 
683 

656 

2,716 

33,565 

526 

457 

386 

3,140 

51 

935 


1,224,539 
2,176 

1,066 
1,070 

1,308 

6,026 

185 , 189 

1,380 

878 

1,761 
81 

77 

2,625 


608,597 
1,399 

563 
450 

698 

3,478 

151,678 

893 

565 

1,393 
60 

72 

1,765 


615,942 

777 

503 
620 

GIO 

2,548 

33,511 

487 

313 

368 

21 

5 

860 


595,700 
742 

3,214 
117 

134 

687 

204 

96 

374 

50 

7,867 

11,140 

479 


283,352 
476 

2,067 
54 

88 
519 
150 

57 

230 

32 

4,748 

11.094 

404 


312,348 
266 

1,147 
63 

46 

168 

54 

39 

144 

18 

3,119 

46 

75 



'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



238 



POPULATION. 



Table 10. — Population, classified by citizenship, by provinces: 1907. 
[Figures In italics are Indiided in thoae for the province.] 



PHOVINCK. 



Cuba 

CamaROey 

Hahuna 

City of Habana 

Matunzas 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rfo. . . 
Santa Clara 



Total 
population. 




CITIIENSIIIP. 




Cuban. 


Spanish. 


Other 
and unkuown. 


2,048,980 


1,780,628 


228,138 


40.214 


118,269 
538,010 
£97,169 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 


107.929 
429,999 
£16,789 
213,996 
413,689 
216,891 
398,124 


8.460 
93,709 

70,968 
20,887 
30,289 
21,334 
53,469 


1.880 
14.302 

10,41£ 
4,929 

11,108 
2,147 
5,838 



Table 11. — Male population SI years and over, classrified by color and nativity and 
by citizenship and literacy: 1907. 







WHITE. 




CITIZENSHIP 
AND LITERACY. 


Total. 


Born in Born in 
Cuba. j Spain. 


Born 

in other 

countries. 


Colored.' 


Total males of 
voting age. . . . 


561,639 


264.042 127.882 


8,765 


160.960 


Cuban citizenship. . . . 


430,514 


260,331 31,363 


992 


137.828 


Literate 

Illiterate 

Degree.s received: 

Academic 

Prole.ssional... 

Other and unknown 

citizenship 


212,930 
217,584 

2,296 
4,026 

121.125 


138,466 i 22,472 
121,865 1 8,891 

1,951 241 
3,608 , 279 

3.711 1 96.619 


804 
188 

32 

58 

7,763 


61.188 
86,640 

72 
81 

13 . 132 


Literate 

Ilhterate 

Degrees received: 

Academic 

Professional. . . 


89,217 
31,908 

621 
776 


3,094 ■ 75,343 
617 21,176 

93 , 323 
122 1 299 

1 


6,500 
1,263 

194 
346 


4,280 
8,852 

11 
8 



•Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



239 



Table 12. — Population, classified by sex, color, nativity, and citizenship, 
and by age: 1907. 



All ages . . 

Under 5 years.. . 
5 to 9 years ... 
10 to 14 years. . . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
18 to 19 years. . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 years . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . 
36 to 44 years . . . 
45 to 54 years. . . 
65 to 64 years . . . 
65 years and over 
Unknown 



TOTAL POPULATION. 



Total. 



2,048,980 



342,662 

224,755 

180,786 

135,904 

100,076 

53,071 

180,882 

184,567 

135,347 

226,110 

150,053 

80,945 

53 , 145 

688 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



TOTAL MALES. 



1,780.628 268,352 



29,766 
20,116 
16,695 
14,862 
13,962 

8,055 
27,218 
32,308 
26,596 
37,385 
21,675 
12,310 

6,905 
299 



312,886 

204,639 

104,091 

121,042 

86,113 

45,016 

153,664 

152,059 

108,751 

188,725 

128,378 

68,635 

46 , 240 

389 



Total. 



1,074,882 

173,657 

113,813 
92 , 793 
65,979 
50,840 
26,161 
99,134 

100,051 
74,971 

124,491 

82,395 

43,441 

26,779 

377 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



893,408 

158,499 
103,486 
83,817 
56,218 
40,610 
20,264 
79,257 
76,651 
55,448 
97,159 
66,479 
33,836 
21,627 
157 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



181 ,474r 

16,15& 

10,. 327 

8,976 

9,761 

10,230 

5,897 

19,877. 

23 , 400 

19,523 

27,332 

15,916 

9,605 

5,252 

220-- 



All ages. . , 

Under 5 years. . . . 
5 to 9 years . . . . 
10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
18 to 19 years. . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . . 
25 to 29 years. . . 
30 to 34 years. . . 
35 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 54 years ... 
55 to 04 years . . . 
65 years and over 
Unknown 



TOTAL FEMALES. 



Total. 



974,098 



168 
110 
87 
69 
49 
26 
81 
84 
60 
101 
67 
37 
26 



,995 
,942 
,993 
,925 
,235 
,910 
,748 
,516 
,376 
,619 
,658 
,504 
,366 
311 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



887,220 



154,387 
101,153 
80,274 
64,824 
45,503 
24,752 
74,407 
75,408 
53,303 
91,566 
61,899 
34,799 
24,713 
232 



86,878 

14,608 
9,789 
7,719 
5,101 
3,732 
2,158 
7,341 
9,108 
7,073 

10,053 

5,759 

2,705 

1,653 

79 



All ages.. . 

Under 5 years.. . . 
5 to 9 years . . . . 
10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 17 years. . . . 
18 to 19 years. . . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 years. . . 
30 to 34 years ... 
35 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 54 years ... 
65 to 64 years. . . 
65 years and over 
Unknown 



NATIVE WHITE MALES. 



Total. 



608,697 



124,063 
76,295 
61,383 
40,495 
28,409 
13,910 
54,532 
50.418 
35,176 
59,874 
39,133 
16,987 
7,855 
67 



Cuban 

citizen- 
ship. 



571,592 

110,859 
68,191 
55,343 
37,138 
26,516 
13,214 
52,830 
49,667 
34,900 
59,476 
38,811 
16,828 
7,749 
64 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



37,005 

13,204 

8,104 

6,040 

3,367 

1,893 

696 

1,696 

751 

276 

398 

322 

159 

106 

3 



TOTAL NATIVE WHITE. 



Total 



1,224,639 




Cuban 

citizen- 

sliip. 



1,136,017 



217,779 

133,975 

107,724 

79,347 

55,464 

29,201 

101,773 

98,443 

68,459 

114,226 

74,428 

35,624 

19,445 

129 



Other 

and 
vmknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



88,522 

25,963 

15,844 

11,992 

7,090 

4,256 

1.878 

5.389 

4.690 

3,047 

4,609 

2,544 

928 

388- 

4 



NATIVE WHITE FEMALES. 



Total. 



615,942 

119,679 
73,524 
58.333 
45,942 
31,311 
17.169 
52,630 
52,715 
36,330 
58,801 
37.839 
19,565 
11,978 
66 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



564,425 

106.920 
65,784 
52,381 
42,209 
28,948 
15,987 
48,937 
48,770 
.33,559 
54 , 750 
35,617 
18,796 
11,690 
66 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



51.517 

12.759 
7,740 
5,952 
3,733 
2,363 
1,182 
3,093 
3,939 
2,771 
4,111 
'> 222 
"'709 
282 
1 



240 



POPULATION. 



Table 12. — Population, classified by sex, color, nativity, and citizenship, 
and by age: 1907 — Continued. 



All ages. . 

Under 5 years. . . 
5 to 9 years. . . 
10 to 14 years. . . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
18 to 19 years. . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 years. . . 
30 to 34 years. . . 
35 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 54 years. . . 
55 to 04 years . . . 
65 years and over 
Unknown 



TOTAL FOREIGN WHITE. 



Total. 



203,637 



2,828 

3,028 

4,639 

7,708 

9.782 

6,195 

23.063 

31,500 

28.545 

41,566 

25,227 

12,175 

6,311 

170 



Cuban 

citizen- 

Blilp. 



43,289 

221 

524 

675 

481 

555 

363 

2,552 

5,632 

6,434 

10,727 

7.730 

4.517 

2,874 

4 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



160.348 



2.607 

3.404 

3.964 

7.227 

9,227 

5,832 

20.511 

25.868 

22.111 

30,839 

17,497 

7,658 

3,437 

166 



FOREIGN WHITE MALES. 



Total. 



163.014 



1,445 

2.075 

2,916 

6,3ti6 

8.375 

6.200 

19.178 

25.659 

23.309 

34,145 

20,483 

9,348 

4,327 

128 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



33.859 



104 

285 

341 

245 

312 

217 

1.897 

4.515 

5.289 

8,799 

6,272 

3,501 

2.078 

4 



Other 

and 

unknown 

cilizen- 

sliip. 



129.155 



1,341 

1,790 

2.575 

6,121 

8.063 

4.983 

17.281 

21.144 

18.080 

25.346 

14.211 

5,847 

2.249 

124 



FOREIGN WHITE FEMALES. 



Total. 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



TOTAL COLORED." 



Total. 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



All ages. . . 

Under 5 years.. . 
5 to 9 years . . . 
10 to 14 years. . . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
IS to 19 years. . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 years. . . 
30 to 34 years. . . 
35 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 54 years. . . 
55 to 64 years. . . 
65 years and over 
Unknown 



40,623 



9,430 



31.193 



620.804 



601.322 



19.482 



1,383 
1,853 
1,723 
1,342 
1,407 
995 
3,885 
5,841 
5.176 
7.421 
4,744 
2.827 
1,984 
42 



117 

239 

334 

236 

243 

146 

655 

1.117 

1.145 

1.928 

1.458 

1,016 

796 



1.266 
1.614 
1.389 
1.106 
1.164 
849 
3.230 
4.724 
4,031 
5,493 
3,286 
1,811 
1,188 
42 



96,082 
71,008 
56,431 
41,759 
30,573 
15,797 
50,657 
49,934 
35,296 
65,809 
47,854 
32,218 
27,001 
385 



94,886 
70,140 
55.692 
41,214 
30,094 
15,452 
49.339 
47.984 
33.858 
63.772 
46.220 
28,494 
23.921 
256 



1,196 

868 

739 

545 

479 

345 

1.318 

1.950 

1.438 

2,037 

1,634 

3.724 

3,080 

129 



All ages. . 

Under 5 years.. . 
5 to 9 years. . . . 
10 to 14 years. . . , 
15 10 17 years. . . , 
18 to 19 years. . . , 

20 years , 

21 to 24 vears. . . 
25 to 29 years. . . 
30 to 34 years. . . , 
35 to 44 years. . . 
46 to 54 years. . . 
55 to 64 years. . . 
65 years and over 
Unknown , 



COLORED MALES.' 



COLORED FEMALES. 



Total. 



303,271 



48,149 
35.443 
28.494 
19,118 
14,056 
7.051 
25.424 
23,974 
10,426 
30.472 
22,779 
17,106 
14.597 
182 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



287.957 



47.536 
35,010 
28.133 
18.835 
13.782 
6.8.33 
24,524 
22,469 
15,259 
28.884 
21,396 
13,507 
11,700 
89 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



Total. 



15,314 



613 

433 

361 

283 

274 

218 

900 

1,505 

1,167 

1,588 

1,383 

3,599 

2,897 

93 



317,533 

47,933 
35 . 505 
27,937 
22.641 
16.517 
8.746 
25.233 
25.960 
18.870 
35.. 337 
25.075 
15.112 
12,404 
203 



Cuban 
citizen- 
ship. 



313.365 



47,350 
35 , 1 30 
27,559 
22.379 
16.312 
8.619 
24.815 
25.515 
18.599 
34.888 
24.824 
14,987 
12,221 
167 



Other 
and 
unknown 
citizen- 
ship. 



4,168 



683 
435 
378 
262 
205 
127 
418 
445 
271 
449 
251 
125 
183 
36 



'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



241 



Table 13. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, by provinces: 1907. 
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.] 



PROVINCE. 


Total 
population. 


Single 

and 

unknown. 


Married. 


Consensually 
married. 


Widowed.' 


Cuba 


2,048,980 


'1.369,476 


423.537 


176,509 




79,4o8 








118,269 
538,010 
297,159 
239.812 
455.086 
240.372 
457,431 


80,322 
345.801 
191 ,282 
153.450 


26,316 

124,166 

65,330 

46.013 


6,676 


4.955 


Habana 


39,486 28.557 


City of Habana 


23,287 
30,278 
50, 39? 
15,587 
34,089 


17,254 




10.071 


Oriente 


315.195 1 77,374 
170.075 1 47.943 
304.633 101.725 


12.124 


Pinar del Rio 


6.767 




16.984 











1 Includes 122 divorced. 



Table 14. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, and by color, 

natimiy, and sex: 1907. 



SEX, COLOR. AND NATIVITY. 


Total 
population. 


Single 

and 

unknown. 


Married. 


Consensually 
married. 


Widowed. 


Total 


2,048.980 


11,369,476 


423,537 


176.509 


79,458 






Males 


1,074,882 
974,098 


751,869 
617,607 


217.511 
206,026 


85.131 
91.378 


20,371 


Females 


59,087 






Native white 


1.224.539 


824,143 


286.389 


59.346 


54,661 






Males 


608.597 
615,942 

203,637 


437,552 
386.591 

106,069 


130,611 
155,778 

77.431 


28.573 
30.773 

8,952 


11,861 




42,800 


Foreign white 


11,185 






Males 


163,014 
40,623 

620.804 


92,239 
13,830 

439,264 


57.759 
19,672 

59,717 


7.582 
1,370 

108,211 


5,434 


Females 


5,751 


Colored* 


13,612 






Males 


303.271 
317,533 


222,078 
217,186 


29,141 
30,576 


48,976 3,076 


Females 


59,235 1 10. 536 









'Includes 1,098 divorced. 



'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



242 



POPULATION. 



Table 15. 



-Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity, 
and by sex and age: 1907. 



TOTAL POPULATON. 



Aor. 


Total. 


Single 

and 

unknown. 


Married. 


Consen- 

sually 

married. 


Widowed. 


All ages 


2.048.980 


»1 .369.476 


423,537 


176,609 


79 468 






Under 15 vears 


748,193 

135,904 

100,075 

53,071 

180,882 

184,667 

135,347 

226.110 

160,063 

80,945 

53.145 

688 


748,090 

131,607 

86.833 

40.661 

114.889 

77.066 

39,025 

52,670 

34,521 

23,439 

19.682 

494 


86 

3,488 
10,106 

9,129 
48,994 
76,922 
67.507 
111.023 
63,127 
24.248 

8,850 
67 


14 

879 

3,065 

3,167 

16,234 

28,228 

24,319 

47,051 

30,743 

14,421 

8,289 

109 


3 


15 to 17 years 


30 


18 to 19 VeaiSt 


81 


20 vears 


114 


21 to 24 vears 


765 


25 to 29 vears 


2.352 


30 to 34 vears 


3,896 


36 to 44 vears 


15 366 


45 to 54 vears 


21,662 


65 to 64 vears 


18,837 


65 vears and over 


16,324 


Unknown 


28 







TOTAL MALES. 



All ages ! 1,074,882 



Under 15 years. . . 
16 to 17 years. . . . 
18 to 19 years. . . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . . 
25 to 29 vears. . . . 
30 to 34 years. . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . . 
46 to 54 years . . . . 
65 to 64 years. . . . 
65 years and over. 
Unknown 



380.263 
65.979 
50.840 
26,161 
99,134 

100,051 
74,971 

124,491 

82,395 

43,441 

26,779 

377 



751,869 



380,254 
65,901 
50,182 
24,837 
80,124 
52,855 
26,410 
31,136 
17,548 
12,252 
10,071 
299 



217,511 



4 

41 

416 

822 

13,668 

35,144 

36,218 

65,481 

41.663 

17.209 

6.812 

34 



85.131 



3 

26 

222 

478 

5,171 

11.455 

11,411 

24,083 

17,669 

9,144 

5,440 

40 



TOTAL FEMALES. 



All ages 

Under 15 years 
15 to 17 years 
18 to 19 years 

20 years 

21 to 24 years 
25 to 29 years 
30 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
65 to 64 years 
65 years and over 
Unknown 




TOTAL NATIVE WHITE. 



All ages . . . 

Under 15 years. . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
18 to 19 years. . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 years . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . 
45 to 54 years. . . 
65 to 64 years . . . 
65 years and over 
Unknown 



1,224,539 



513,277 
86,437 
59,720 
31,079 

107 , 162 

103.133 
71,506 

118,735 

76,972 

36,552 

19,833 

133 



824,143 



513,202 

83,343 

50,921 

22,799 

63,774 

35,437 

15.209 

18,974 

11,346 

6,710 

3,348 

80 



286,389 



67 

2,738 

7,669 

7,010 

36,705 

54 , 780 

44,477 

72,626 

40,592 

14,693 

5,007 

25 



59,346 



6 
339 

1,077 
1,202 
6.130 

11.281 
9.138 

16.279 

9.614 

3,252 

1,012 

16 



'Includes 1,098 divorced. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



245 



Table 15. 



-Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity, 
and by sex and aye: 1907 — Continued. 



NATIVE WHITE MALES. 



AGE. 


Total. 

1 


Single 

and 

unknown. 


Married. 


Consensually 
married. 


Widowed. 


All ages .... 


608.697 


437,562 


130,611 


28.573 


11 861 






Under 15 years 


261,741 
40,495 
28,409 
13,910 
54,532 
50,418 
35,176 
59,874 
39,133 
16,987 
7,855 
67 


261,736 

40,445 

28,047 

13,179 

43,002 

22,577 

9,190 

10,459 

5,419 

2,375 

1,083 

40 


2 
30 

282 

561 

9,534 

22,979 

21,096 

38,402 

24,511 

9,549 

3,661 

14 


1 

12 

68 

165 

1,880 

4,485 

4,361 

8,735 

5,897 

2,234 

724 

11 


2 


16 to 17 years 


8 


18 to 19 years 


12 


20 years 


15 


21 to 24 years 


116 


25 to 29 years 


377 


30 to 34 years 


529 


35 to 44 years 


2 278 


45 to 54 years 


3 306 


65 to 64 years 


2,829 


65 years and oyer 


2 387 


Unknown 


2 







NATIVE WHITE FEMAI.ES. 



All ages. . . 

Under 15 years. . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
18 to 19 years. . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 years. . . 
30 to 34 years . . . 
35 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 64 years. . . 

65 to 64 years . . . 

66 years and oyer 
Unknown 



615,942 I 



251,536 
45,942 
31,311 
17,169 
52,630 
52,715 
36,330 
58,861 
37,839 
19,665 
11,978 



386,591 

251,466 

42,898 

22,874 

9,620 

20,772 

12,860 

6,019 

8,515 

5,927 

3,335 

2,265 

40 



155,778 



65 

2,708 

7,387 

6,459 

27,171 

31,801 

23,381 

34,224 

16,081 

5,144 

1,346 

11 



30,773 



5 

327 
1,009 
1,037 
4,250 
6,796 
4,777 
7,644 
3,717 
1,018 

288 



42,800 



9 

41 

53 

437 

1,258 

2,153 

8,578 

12,114 

10,068 

8,079 

10 



TOTAL FOREIGN WHITE. 



All ages . 


203,637 


106,069 


77,431 


8,952 


11,186 




Under 15 years 


11,395 

7,708 

9,782 

6,195 

23,063 

31,500 

28,545 

41,566 

25,227 

12,175 

6,311 

170 


11,389 

7,607 

9,367 

5,699 

19,188 

19,649 

11,968 

12,254 

5,508 

2,254 

1,037 

149 


6 

88 

383 

456 

3,667 

10,662 

14,510 

24,389 

14,749 

6,272 

2,350 

10 






15 to 17 years 


10 

27 

34 

279 

933 

1,571 

3,092 

2,013 

779 

210 

4 


3 


18 to 19 years 


5 


20 years 


7 


21 to 24 years 


39 
•■>5g 


26 to 29 years 


30 to 34 years . 


496 
1 831 


36 to 44 years 


45 to 54 j'ears 


2,957 
2,870 
2,714 

7 


55 to 64 years 


66 years and oyer 


Unknown 





FOREIGN WHITE MALES. 



All ages . . . 

Under 15 years. . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
18 to 19 years. . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 years. . . 
30 to 34 years . . . 
36 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 54 years. . . 
55 to 64 years. . . 
66 years and over 
Unknown 



163.014 

6,436 

6,366 

8,375 

5,200 

19,178 

26,659 

23,369 

34,145 

20,483 

9,348 

4,327 

128 



92,239 

6,435 

6,362 

8,341 

5,102 

17,591 

18,183 

11,103 

11,281 

4,950 

1,948 

828 

116 



67.759 



1 
3 

27 

83 

1,406 

6,664 

10,718 

19,236 

12,239 

5,340 

2,036 

7 



7.582 



5 

11 

163 

687 

1,284 

2,680 

1,824 

727 

197 

4 



5,434 



1 

2 

4 

18 

125 

264 

948 

1,470 

1.333 

1.267 

2 



244 



POPULATION. 



Table 15. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity, 
and by sex and age: 1907 — Continued. 



FOREIQN WHITE PEMALRS. 



AOB. 


Total. 


Single 

and 

unknown. 

1 a Rao 


Married. 


Consensually 
married. 


Widowed. 


All ages. 


40.623 


19,672 


1.370 


5 761 










4,959 
1.342 
1.407 
995 
3.885 
5.841 
5.176 
7.421 
4.744 
2,827 
1,984 
42 


4,954 

1,245 

1,026 

597 

1,597 

1,466 

865 

973 

558 

306 

209 

34 


5 

85 

356 

372 

2,151 

3,99S 








10 

22 

23 

116 

246 


2 


18 to 19 years 


8 




3 


21 to 24 j'ears 


21 


25 to 29 vears 


131 


30 to 34 years 


3,792 287 
5,153 412 


232 


35 to 44 vears 


883 


45 to 54 vears 


2,510 

932 

315 

3 


189 
52 
13 


1,487 




1.537 


65 vears and over 


1.447 




6 









TOTAL COLORED." 



All ages . . . 

Under 15 years. . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
18 to 19 years. . . 

20 years 

21 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 29 vears. . . 
30 to 34 years. . . 
35 to 44 years. . . 
45 to 54 years. . . 
55 to 64 years. . . 
65 vears and over 
Unknown 



620.804 



223.521 
41.759 
30.573 
15,797 
50,657 
49,934 
35,296 
65,809 
47,854 
32,218 
27,001 
385 



439,264 



223,499 
40.557 
26.545 
12.163 
31,927 
21.979 
12.448 
21.442 
17.667 
15.475 
15,297 
265 



59,717 



108,211 



13 

662 
2,054 
1,664 
8,732 

11,480 
8,520 

14,008 

7,786 

3,283 

1,493 

22 



8 

630 

1,951 

1,931 

9,825 

16,014 

13,610 

27,680 

19,116 

10,390 

7,067 

89 



13.612 



1 
10 
23 
39 

173 

461 

718 

2,679 

3,285 

3,070 

3.144 

9 



COLORED HALES .1 



All ages 


303,271 


222,078 


29,141 


48,976 


3,076 






Under 15 vears 


112,086 
19,118 
14,056 
7,051 
25,424 
23,974 
16,426 
30,472 
22,779 
17,106 
14,597 
182 


112,083 

19,094 

13,794 

6,556 

19,531 

12,095 

6,117 

9,396 

7,179 

7,929 

8,160 

144 


1 

8 

106 

188 

2,728 

5.501 

4.404 

7,843 

4,913 

2,320 

1,116 

13 


2 
13 

149 

302 

3,128 

6,283 

5,766 

12,668 

9,938 

6,183 

4.619 

25 




15 to 17 vears 


3 


18 to 19 vears 


7 


20 vears 


5 


21 to 24 vears 


37 


25 to 29 vears 


95 


30 to 34 vears 


139 


35 to 44 vears 


566 


45 to 54 vears 


749 


55 to 64 vears 


674 


65 years and over 


802 


Unknown 









COLORED FEMALES." 



All ages . 



Under 1 5 years . . 
15 to 17 years . . . 
18 to 19 years ... 

20 years 

21 to 24 vears . . . 
25 to 29 vears . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . 
45 to 54 years . . . 
55 to 64 years . . . 
65 vears and over 
Unknown 



317.533 



217,186 



111.435 1 


111,416 


22,641 


21,463 


16,517 


12,751 


8,746 


5,607 


25.233 


12,396 


25.960 


9,884 


18.870 


6,331 


35.337 


12.046 


25.075 


10.488 


15.112 


7,546 


12,404 


7,137 


203 


121 



30,576 



59,235 



12 


6 


654 


517 


1.948 


1,802 


1,476 


1,629 


6.004 


6,697 


5,979 


9.731 


4,116 


7,844 


6,165 


15,012 


2,873 


9,178 


963 


4,207 


377 


2,548 


9 


64 



10,538 



1 

7 

16 

34 

136 

366 

579 

2,114 

2,536 

2,396 

2,342 

9 



I Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



245 



Table 16. — Illegitimate children, classified by age, and by sex, color, and nativity: 1907. 



SEX, COLOR, AND 
N.VTIVITY. 


Total. 


Under 5 

years. 


5 to 9 

years. 


10 to 14 

years. 


15 to 19 

years. 


20 to 24 

years. 


25 years 
and over. 


Total 


257,888 


87,960 


60,586 


37,579 


38,385 


19,188 


14,190 






Males 

Females .... 


130,971 
126,917 


44,323 
43,637 


30,750 
29,836 


19,412 
18,167 


18,727 
19,658 


11,048 
8,140 


6,711 
7,479 


Native white. . . . 


94,772 


36,989 


23,288 


12,695 


12,173 


6,030 


3.597 


Males 

Females .... 

Foreign white 


49,543 
45,229 

341 


18,792 
18,197 

50 


11,937 
11,351 

52 


6,728 
5,967 

59 


6,241 
5,932 

59 


3,821 
2,209 

35 


2,024 
1,573 

86 


Males 

Females .... 

Colored* 


207 
134 

162,775 


30 
20 

50,921 


30 

22 

37,246 


37 
22 

24,825 


29 
30 

26,153 


24 
11 

13,123 


57 
29 

10,507 


Males 

Females .... 


81,221 
81,554 


25,501 
25,420 


18,783 
18,463 


12,647 
12,178 


12,457 
13,696 


7.203 
5,920 


4,630 
5,877 



- Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



Table 17. — Population, classified by school attendance and literacy, by 'provinces: 1907. 
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.] 





Total 
popu- 
lation. 


UNDEH 10 TEARS. 


10 TEARS AND OVER. 


PEOVINCE. 


Attending 
school. 


Not at- 
tending 
school. 


Attending 
school. 


Not attending 
school. 


Not 
stated. 




Literate. 


Illiterate. 


Cuba 


2.048.980 


64,111 


503,296 


107,258 


725,894 


643,615 


4,806 


CamagQey 

Habana 

City of Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 


118,269 
538,010 
297,159 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 


3,760 
21,739 

is,seo 

7,778 
12,239 

6,397 
12,198 


28,397 
102,462 

43,088 

54,338 
128,645 

72,873 
116,681 


5,910 
31,718 
19,626 
13,606 
21,629 
10,276 
24,119 


47,474 
266,613 
182,143 

80,065 
133.458 

51,972 
146,322 


32,608 
113,081 

38,693 

83,756 
158,308 

98,196 
157,666 


120 
2,397 
360 
279 
907 


PinardelRIo. . . . 
Santa Clara 


658 
445 



246 



POPULATION. 



Tabi-e 18. — Population at least 10 years of age, classified by age, sex, color, and 
nativity, and by literacy: 1907. 



AGK, 8KX, COIXm, AND NATIVITY. 


Total. 


Literate. 


Illiterate. 


Total 


1.481.573 


837.068 


643.615 




10 to 14 vears 


180,786 
235,979 
233,953 
184,567 
135,347 
220,110 
150.053 
80.945 
53.833 


127,730 

158,644 

140,243 

104,726 

75,090 

115,029 

67,786 

31,763 

16,948 


53,056 
77,336 
93,710 
79,842 
60 267 


15 to 19 vciirs 


20 to '24 veurs 


25 to 29 vears 


30 to M vears 


35 to 44 vears 


111 081 


45 to 54 vears 


82 267 


55 to M vears 


49 182 


65 years urid over 


36 885 








787,412 


450,023 


328,380 




10 to 14 years 


92,793 
116,819 
125,295 

100.051 
74.971 

124,491 
82,395 
43,441 
27,166 

694,161 


64,703 
76,437 
76,424 
69,519 
45,002 
69,122 
41,177 
18,227 
8,412 

378,036 


28 090 


15 to 19 years 


40 382 


20 to 24 years 


48 871 


25 to 29 vears 


40 532 


30 to 34 vears 


29 969 


35 to 44 years 


55 369 




41 218 


55 to 64 vears 


25*214 


65 years and over 


18 744 


Total females 


315.226 




10 to 14 vears 


87,993 

119,160 

108,658 

84,616 

60,376 

101,619 

67,658 

37,604 

26,677 

830,978 


63,027 
82,207 
63,819 
45,206 
30,088 
45,907 
26,609 
13,536 
8,536 

487,217 


24 966 


15 to 19 vears 


36 053 


20 to 24 vears 


44 830 


25 to 29 vears 


39 310 


30 to 34 vears 


30 '>Sli 


35 to 44 vears 


55 712 


45 to 54 vears 


41 049 


65 to C4 vears 


23*968 


65 years and over 


18 141 


Native white 


343.761 




10 to 14 years 


119,716 

146,157 

138.241 

103,133 

71,506 

118,735 

76,972 

36,552 

19,966 


84,436 
97,693 
81,362 
56,258 
38.386 
62,230 
38,576 
18,225 
10,151 


35 280 


15 to 19 vears 


48 564 


20 to 24 vears 


56 87<» 


25 to 29 years 


46 875 


30 to 34 vears 


33 120 


35 to 44 years 


56 505 


45 to 54 years 


38 396 




18 327 


65 years and over 


9 816 






Native white males 


408,239 


236,920 


171,310 




10 to 14 vears 


61,383 
68,904 
68,442 
60,418 
35,176 
59,874 
39,133 
16,987 
7,922 

422,739 


43,032 
44,322 
39,760 

27,561 
19,134 
31,447 
19,552 
8,244 
3,869 

250,297 


18 351 


15tol9vears 


24 582 


20 to 24 vears 


28 683 


25 to 29 years 


20 857 


30 to 34 years 


16 042 


35 to 44 years 


28 427 


45 to 54 years 


19 581 


55 to 64 vears 


8 743 


65 years and over 


4 053 


Kative white females 


172 442 






10 to 14 years 


68,333 
77,253 
69,799 
52,715 
36,330 
68,801 
37,839 
19.565 
12.044 


41,404 
53,271 
41,603 
28.697 
19,252 
30,783 
19,024 
9.981 
6.282 


16 929 


15 to 19 vears 


23 982 


20 to 24 vears 


28 196 


25 to 29 years 


24 018 


30 to 34 vears 


17 078 


35 to 44 vears 


28 078 


45 to 54 years 


18 815 




9 584 


65 years and over 


5,762 



GENERAL TABLES. 



247 



Table 18. — Population at least 10 years of age, classified by age, sex, color, and 
nativity, and by literacy: 1907 — Continued. 



AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY. 



Total foreign white. 



10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 19 .rears. . . . 
20 to 24 vear.s . . . . 
25 to 29 years . . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . . 
45 to 54 years . . . . 
55 to 64 years. . . . 
65 years and over . 



Foreign white males. 



10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 19 years. . . . 
20 to 24 years . . . . 
25 to 29 years . . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . . 
45 to 54 years . . . . 
55 to 64 years . . . . 
65 years and over . 

Foreign white females . 



10 to 14 years . . . . 
15 to 19 years . . . . 
20 to 24 years . . . . 
25 to 29 years. . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . . 
45 to 54 years . . . . 
55 to 64 years . . . . 
65 years and over . 



Total colored ' 



10 to 14 years . . . . 
15 to 19 years. . . . 
20 to 24 years. . . . 
25 to 29 years. . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . . 
45 to 54 years . . . . 
55 to 64 years. . . . 
65 years and over . 



Colored males ' 



10 to 14 years . . . . 
15 to 19 years. . . . 
20 to 24 years . . . . 
26 to 29 years . . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . . 
35 to 44 years . . . . 
45 to 54 years . . . . 
55 to 64 years . . . . 
65 years and over . 



Colored females' 



10 to 14 years. . . . 
15 to 19 years. . . . 
20 to 24 years . . . . 
25 to 29 years . . . . 
30 to 34 years . . . . 
35 to 44 jears . . . . 
45 to 54 years. . . . 
65 to 64 years . . . . 
65 years and over . 



Total. 


Literate. 


Illiterate. 


196.881 


146,443 


60,438 


4,639 


3,834 


805 


17,490 


14,407 


3,083 


29,258 


22,412 


6,846 


31,. 500 


23,702 


7,798 


28,545 


21,310 


7,235 


41,566 


30 , 263 


11,303 


25,227 


18,183 


7.044 


12.175 


8,400 


3.775 


6,481 


3,932 


2.549 


159,494 


123,977 


35,517 


2 ,916 


2.443 


473 


14,741 


12.393 


2,348 


24,378 


19.231 


5,147 


25.659 


19,992 


5,667 


23.369 


18,140 


5,229 


34,145 


25,974 


8,171 


20,483 


15,664 


4,819 


9,348 


7,084 


2,264 


4,455 


3,056 


1,399 


37,387 


22,466 


14,921 


1,723 


1,391 


332 


2,749 


2,014 


735 


4.880 


3,181 


1.699 


5.841 


3,710 


2,131 


5.176 


3.170 


2,006 


7.421 


4.289 


3,132 


4.744 


2.519 


2,225 


2,827 


1,316 


1,511 


2,026 


876 


1,150 


453,714 


204,298 


249,416 


56,431 


39,460 


16,971 


72,332 


46,644 


25,688 


66,454 


36,469 


29,985 


49,934 


24,765 


25,169 


35,296 


15,394 


19,902 


65.809 


22,536 


43.273 


47.854 


11,027 


36.827 


32,218 


5,138 


27,080 


27,386 


2,865 


24,521 


219,679 


98,126 


121,653 


28,494 


19,228 


9 266 


33,174 


19.722 


13.452 


32,475 


17,434 


15,041 


23,974 


11.966 


12.008 


16,426 


7,728 


8,698 


30,472 


11,701 


18,771 


22.779 


5,961 


16,818 


17.106 


2,899 


14,207 


14,779 


1,487 


13,292 


234,035 


106,172 


127,863 


27,937 


20,232 


7,705 


39,158 


26,922 


12,236 


33,979 


19,035 


14,944 


25,960 


12,799 


13,161 


18,870 


7,666 


11,204 


35,337 


10,835 


24,502 


25,075 


5,066 


20.009 


15.112 


2,239 


12,873 


12,607 


1,378 


11,229 



1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



248 



POPULATION. 



Table 19. — Population attending school, classified by months, sex, age, color, and 

tuUivity: 1907. 



AGE. 8EX, COLOU, AND NATIVITY. 


Total. 


1 month 
or less. 


2 to 3 
months. 


4 to 5 
months. 


6 to 7 
months. 


8 months 
or more. 


Total 


171.369 


12,230 


17.882 


23.077 


31,163 


87 017 








66 

64.055 

93.920 

13.042 

206 


6 

6.166 

5.423 

0)5 

20 


21 
9.356 
7.461 
1.042 

12 


13 

9.922 

11.575 

1.640 

27 


6 

11.608 

17,060 

2,461 

38 


10 


5 to 9 years 


27 003 


10 to 14 vears 


52 41 1 




7 394 


18 vears and over 


199 






Total males 


88,708 


6.380 


9.462 


12,009 


16.257 


44 600 






Under 5 years 


25 

32,732 

48,867 

6,862 

222 

82,661 


2 

3.120 

2.914 

331 

13 

5,850 


11 

4,847 

4.049 

648 

7 

8.420 


4 

5,041 

6,087 

858 

19 

11,068 


3 

5.900 

9.001 

1,325 

28 

14.906 


6 


5 to 9 vears 


13 824 


10 to 14 years 


26 816 


15 to 17 vears 


3 800 


18 years and over 


155 


Total females 


42 417 






Under 5 vears 


31 

31.323 

45.053 

6.180 

74 

113.004 


4 

3,046 

2,509 

284 

7 

7.857 


10 

4.509 

3.402 

494 

5 

11,014 


9 

4,881 

6,488 

682 

8 

14,614 


3 

5.708 

8.059 

1,126 

10 

20.083 


5 


5 to 9 years 


13 179 


10 to 14 years 


25 595 


15 to 17 years 


3 594 


18 years and over 


44 


Total native white 


59 436 






Under 5 years 


37 

41 .084 

62.420 

9.230 

233 


2 

3.931 

3.479 

431 

14 


14 

5.783 

4.528 

680 

9 


9 

6,210 

7,343 

1.034 

18 


4 

7.339 

11.020 

1,690 

30 


8 


5 to 9 years 


17,821 


10 to 14 years 


36 050 


15 to 17 j'ears 


6 396 


18 years and over 


162 






Native white males 


59,632 


4.170 


5,998 


7.759 


10.675 


31,030 






Under 5 years 


18 

21,282 

33,096 

5,049 

187 

63,372 


1 

2.013 

1,913 

233 

10 

3,687 


7 

3.059 

2.553 

373 

6 

6,016 


3 

3.215 

3.920 

606 

16 

6,855 


2 

3.782 

5.915 

953 

23 

9.408 


5 


5 to 9 vears 


9 213 


10 to 14 years 


18 '796 


15 to 17 vears 


2 884 


18 years and over 


133 


Native white females 


28 406 






Under 5 years 


19 

19,802 

29,324 

4.181 

46 

3,670 


1 

1.918 

1.566 

198 

4 

355 


7 

2.724 

1.975 

307 

3 

418 


6 

2,995 

3,423 

428 

3 

470 


2 

3.567 

6,105 

737 

7 

640 


3 


5 to 9 vears 


8 608 


10 to 14 vears 


17 255 


15 to 17 vears 


2 511 


18 years and over 


29 


Total foreign white 


1,787 






Under 5 years 


3 

1 .558 

1,833 

265 

11 


1 

195 

135 

23 

1 


1 

209 

184 

23 

1 


1 

238 

204 

26 

1 






5 to 9 vears 


262 

331 

47 


654 


10 to 14 vears 


979 


15 to 17 vears 


146 


18 years and over 


8 






Foreign white males 


2,002 


208 


244 


253 


357 


940 






Under 5 vears 














5 to 9 vears 


872 

984 

136 

10 

1,668 


ios 

84 

15 

1 

147 


127 

102 

14 

1 

174 


1.35 

107 

11 


149 

183 

25 


353 


10 to 14 vears 


608 


15 to 17 vears 


71 


18 years and over 


8 


Foreign white females 


217 


283 


847 






Under 5 vears 


3 
686 
849 
129 

1 


1 
87 
51 

8 


1 
82 
82 

9 


1 

103 

97 

15 

1 






6 to 9 vears 


113 

148 

22 


301 


10 to 14 vears 


471 


16 to 17 vears 


7S 


18 years and over 





GENERAL TABLES. 



249 



Table 19. — Population attending school, classified by months, sex, age, color, and 
nativity: 1907 — Continued, 



AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY. 



Total colored > 

Under 5 years . . . 

5 to 9 years. . . 
10 to 14 years. . . 
15 to 17 years. . . 
18 years and over 

Colored males > 

Under 5 years. . . 

6 to 9 years . . . 
10 to 14 years. . . 

15 to 17 years. . . 
18 years and over 

Colored females i 

Under 5 years. . . . 

5 to 9 years. . . . 

10 to 14 years . . . , 

16 to 17 years. . . . 
18 years and over. 



Total. 



64,695 




27,074 



7 

10,678 

14,787 

1,677 

25 

27,621 



9 

10,835 

14,880 

1,870 

27 



1 month 
or less. 



4,018 



3 

2,040 

1,809 

161 

5 

2,002 



1 

999 

917 

83 

2 

2,016 



1,041 

892 

78 

3 



2 to 3 
months. 



6,450 



6 

3,364 

2,739 

339 

2 

3,220 



4 

1,661 

1,394 

161 



3,230 



2 

1,703 

1,345 

178 

2 



4 to 6 
months. 



7,993 



3 

3,474 

4,028 

480 



3.997 



1 

1,691 

2,060 

241 

4 

3,996 



2 

1,783 

1.968 

239 

4 



6 to 7 
months. 



10,440 



2 

4,007 

6.709 

714 



5,225 



1 

1,969 

2,903 

347 

5 

5,215 



1 

2,038 

2,806 

367 

3 



8 months 
or more. 



25,794 

2 

8,628 

15,382 

1,853 

29 



12,630 



4,258 

7,513 

845 

14 

13,164 



2 

4,270 

7,869 

1,008 

15 



> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 

Table 20. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, sex, color, and 
nativity, by provinces: 1907. 

[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.] 

TOTAX, POPULATION. 



PROVINCE. 


Total. 


Agricul- 
ture, 

fisheries, 
and 

mining. 


Pro- 
fessional 
service. 


Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 


Trade 
and 
trans- 
portation. 


Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 


Without 
gainful 
occu- 
pation. 


Total 


2,048,980 


374,969 


12,805 


122,288 


136,419 


126,021 


1,276,478 


CamagUey 

Habana 


118,269 
538,010 
397,169 
239,812 
465,086 
240,372 
457,431 


24,198 
46,089 
674 
49,095 
87,980 
63 , 199 
104,408 


660 
5,779 
4.408 
1,345 
1,903 

777 
2,341 


6,260 
55,128 

38, see 

16,707 

19,026 

6,526 

18,641 


5.661 
66,192 
62,110 
13,474 
19,379 

8,187 
23,636 


6.113 
56.417 

4S,862 
11.778 
23.265 
5.966 
22.482 


76,387 


City of Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 


308 , 405 
168 ,S6S 
147,413 


Pinar del Rio.... 
Santa Clara 


303,633 
165,717 
286,023 









TOTAL MALES. 








Total 


1,074,882 


371,860 


8,764 


73,396 


134,387 


110.685 


376,900 


Camagtiey 

Habana . 


62,118 
284,751 
167 ,166 
123,560 
233,736 
128,642 
242,175 


24,135 
46.894 
674 
48.143 
87,246 
62,639 
103,894 


426 
4,509 
3, 6 SO 

785 
1,157 

540 
1,347 


4,033 5.672 
34.738 65,095 
S3, 431 61,164 

9,699 13.264 


5.477 
48,354 
36,648 
10,492 
20,594 

5,460 
20,208 


22,475 


City of Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 


86,161 
41.718 
41,177 


Plnar del Rio.... 
Santa Clara 


2.689 
10.103 


8.083 
23.266 


93,499 
49,231 
83,357 



250 



POPULATION. 



Table 20. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, sex, color, and na- 
tivity, by provinces: 1907 — Continued. 

[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.] 

TOTAL KKMALE8. 



i-uoviNct:. 


Total. 


Agricul- 
ture, 

fisheries, 
and 

mining. 


Pro- 
fessional 
service. 


Domestic Trade 

and and 
personal trans- 
service, portation. 


Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 


Without 
gainful 
occu- 
pation. 


Total 


974,098 


3,119 


4,041 


48,892 2,032 


16,436 


900.578 


Caniaglley 


66,151 
253,259 
140,004 
116.252 
221.350 
111,830 
215,256 


63 

195 


234 
1,270 


2,227 1 79 
20.390 1.097 


636 
8.063 
6.304 
1.286 
2.671 

506 
2,274 


52,912 
222,244 


City of Habana. 
Matanzas 


7S8 16,431 fiy.6 


116 ,636 


952 
735 
660 

1 '" 


560 7,008 
746 1 6.892 


210 
272 
104 
270 


106,236 
210,034 


Pinar del Rio.... 
Santa Clara 


237 
994 


3,837 
8,538 


106,486 
202,666 



TOTAL NATIVE WHITE. 



XATIVE WHITE MALES. 



Total 


1,224,639 


214.118 


9,036 


36,143 


59.621 


51,460 


865,161 


CauiagQey 

Habana 


88,661 
316.040 
148,638 
130,879 
231.585 
1«>5.019 
292,355 


17,464 

29,897 

170 

22,902 

43,804 

; 40,565 

1 59,426 


466 
3,932 
■2.860 
1,044 
1,223 

584 
1,787 


3,207 
14,504 
8,009 
4.170 
5.222 
2.601 
5.4.39 


3.486 
24.188 
17,172 
6.721 
9.514 
3,743 
11,969 


2,929 

24,718 

17.040 

5,272 

6,005 

2.484 

10.052 


61,100 
218,801 


City of Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oi'iente .... 


10S,37g 

90.770 

166.767 


Pinar del Rio 

Santa Clara 


116.042 
203,682 



Total 


608.597 


213.229 


5,756 


26.741 


58,297 


45.522 


259,062 


CamagQey 

Plabana 


44,655 
153,211 

69 , 183 

64,765 
114,870 

84,679 
146,617 


17.427 
29,784 
170 
22,S3,S 
43.686 
40.259 
59,235 


263 
2,935 

x.',S03 
507 
690 
381 
920 


2.430 
11.764 
6 ,378 
3,322 
4.146 
1,230 
3 , 849 


3,432 
23,398 
16,462 
6,575 
9,407 
3.690 
11.795 


2.604 
21.439 
14,868 
4.929 
5.418 
2.164 
8,968 


18,399 
63,891 


City of Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio.... 
Santa Clara 


S9,01S 
26.634 
51,523 
36,955 
61.750 



NATIVE WHITE FEMALES. 



Total 


615.942 


889 


3.280 


8.402 


1,324 


5,938 596,109 


CaiiiaRUey 

Habana 


44,106 
162.829 

79,346 

66.114 
116.715 

80.340 
145.838 


37 
113 


203 
997 
668 
477 
533 
203 
867 


777 
2,740 
1,631 

848 
1.076 
1.371 
1,690 


54 
790 
710 
146 
107 

63 
174 


325 

3,279 

2,18S 

343 

587 

320 

1,084 


42,710 
164,910 


City of Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 


74,360 

64,236 

114,234 


64 
178 
306 
191 


Pinar del Rio 

Santa Clara 


78,087 
141.932 



TOTAL FOREIGN WHITE. 



Total 


203.637 


51.530 


2,738 


22.623 


63,444 


21,986 


41,316 


CamagQey 

Habana 

City of Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 

Santa Clara 


7.932 
95.832 
73,816 
17.656 
27.409 
15.483 
39.326 


2,920 
7,852 
400 
5,841 
9,658 
7,634 
17,726 


149 
1,472 
1,346 
207 
411 
163 
346 


689 

16.474 

13,973 

1,306 

2,853 

460 

1.841 


1,790 
37,474 
31,609 
4,814 
6.782 
3.673 
9,011 


898 
12.237 
10,396 
1,466 
2,414 
1.623 
3,358 


1.486 
21 .323 

16,396 

• 4,032 

5,391 

2,040 

7,044 



GENERAL TABLES. 



251 



Table 20. 



-Population, classified by general groups of occupaiions, sex, color, and nor- 
tiviiy, by provinces: 1907 — Continued, 
[i^gures in italics are included in those for. the province.] 



FOREIGN WHITE MALES. 



PHOVINCE. 


Total. 


Agricul- 
ture, 

fisheries, 
and 

mining. 


Pro- 
fessional 
service. 


Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 


Trade 
and 

trans- 
portation. 


Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical, 
industries. 


Without 
gainful 
occu- 
pation. 


Total 


163.014 


51,449 


2,321 


18,210 


63,029 


21.347 


6,658 


CainagUey 

Habana 


6,634 
73,414 
64,766 
13,917 
22,645 
13,591 
32.813 


2,917 
7,842 
400 
5,825 
9,550 
7,622 
17,693 


129 
1,271 
1,068 
163 
321 
131 
306 


612 

1 1 , 905 

9,661 

1,149 

2,528 

407 
1,609 


1,776 
37,255 
31 ,341 
4,776 
6.735 
3.531 
8,956 


886 
11,745 
9,945 
1.434 
2.354 
1.604 
3.324 


314 
3.396 


City of Habana. 
Matanzas 


2,360 

570 

1,157 


Pinar del Rio.... 
Santa Clara 


296 
925 



FOREIGN WHITE FEMALiES. 



Total 


40,623 


81 


417 


4,413 


415 


639 


34,658 


Camagtley 


1,298 
22,418 
18,061 
3,739 
4,764 
1,892 
6,512 


3 

10 


20 
201 

177 
44 
90 
22 
40 


77 

3,569 

3,311 

157 

325 

53 

232 


14 
219 
168 
38 
47 
42 
55 


12 

492 
460 
22 
60 
19 
34 


1,172 
17,927 


City of Habana. 
Matanzas 


13,946 


16 

8 

12 

32 


3,462 
4,234 


Pinar del Rio 

Santa Clara 


1,744 
6,119 



TOTAL COLORED.' 



Total 

CaniagUey 

Habana 

City of Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 

Pinar del Rio 

Santa Clara 



620,804 



21,676 
126,138 

76,816 

91,277 
196,092 

59,870 
125,751 



109,321 



3,814 
8,340 
104 
20,352 
34,558 
15,000 
27,257 



1,031 



45 
375 
Z98 

94 
269 

40 
208 



64,522 



2,364 
25,150 
17,881 
11,231 
10,951 

3,465 
11,361 



13,354 



375 
4,530 
3,4^9 
1,939 
3,083 

871 
2,556 



52.575 



2,286 
19,462 
16,417 

5,050 
14,846 

1,859 

9,072 



380,001 

12,792 
68,281 
38,686 
52,611 
132,385 
38.635 
75.297 



COLORED MALES.' 



Total 


303.271 


107 , 172 


687 


28,445 


13,061 


43,716 


110.190 


Cainagiley 


10,929 
58,126 
S3,:307 
44,878 
96,221 
30,272 
62.845 


3.791 

8,268 
104 
19,480 
34,009 
14,658 
26,966 


34 
303 

249 
55 

146 
28 

121 


991 
11,069 

7,S9S 
5,228 
6,460 


364 

4.442 
3,361 
1,913 
2,965 


1,987 
15,170 
11,746 

4.129 
12.822 


3.762 
18.874 


City of Habana. 
Matanzas 


10,356 
14.073 
40,819 


Pinar del Rio.... 
Santa Clara 


1,052 
4,645 


862 
2,515 


1,692 
7,916 


11,980 
20,682 



COLORED FEMALES. 



'Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



Total 


317.633 


2,149 


344 


36,077 


293 


8,859 


269,811 


Camagfley 

Habana 


10,747 
68,012 
4ii,608 
46,399 
99,871 
29,598 
62,906 


23 
72 


11 

72 
49 
39 
123 
12 
87 


1.373 
14,081 
10,489 
6,003 
5,491 
2.413 
6,716 


11 
88 
68 
26 
118 
9 
41 


299 
4,292 
3,673 

921 
2,024 

107 
1.156 


9,030 
49.407 


City of Habana. 

Matanzas 

Oriente 


38,330 


872 
549 
342 
291 


38,538 
91,566 


Pinar del Rfo 

Santa Clara 


26,665 
54.616 



252 



POPULATION. 



Table 21. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, age, sex, color, 

and nativity 1907. 



AOE, BEX, COLOR, AND 
NATIVITY. 


Total. 


Agri- 
culture, 
fisheries, 

and 
mining. 


Profes- 
sional 
service. 


Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 


Trade 
and 
trans- 
porta- 
tion. 


Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 


With- 
out 
gainful 

occu- 
pation. 


Total . 


2,048.980 


374,969 


12,805 


122.288 


136.419 


126.021 


1,276,478 






Under 5 years 


567,407 
180,786 
235,979 
233,953 
184,567 
135.347 
226,110 
150,053 
80,945 
53,833 












667,407 


10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

26 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over. . . 


18,467 
55,048 
65,718 
50,892 
36,223 
62,692 
44,694 
24,667 
16.568 


26 
1,164 
2,174 
2,004 
1,609 
2,769 
1,801 
881 
377 


3.077 
15.358 
21.705 
17,697 
13,268 
22,407 
15,015 
8,677 
5,084 


3.035 
20,216 
23,793 
20,057 
16,619 
25,635 
16,060 
7,543 
3,461 


3.505 
23.284 
22.858 
17.564 
13.655 
23.013 
13.338 
5.926 
2.878 


152,676 
120.909 
97.705 
76,353 
53,973 
89,594 
69,145 
33,251 
25,465 


Total males 


1,074,882 


371.850 


8,764 


73.396 


134,387 


110.585 


375,900 






Under 5 years 


287,470 

92.793 

116,819 

125,295 

100,051 

74,971 

124,491 

82,395 

43,441 

27,156 

974,098 












287,470 


10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over. . . 

Total females 


18.276 
54,514 
65.399 
50,633 
36,025 
62,220 
44,221 
24,314 
16,248 

3,119 


21 

261 

963 

1,332 

1,204 

2,253 

1,583 

804 

343 

4,041 


1,607 

8,822 

14,554 

11,943 

8,342 

12,704 

7,732 

4,702 

2,990 

48,892 


2,986 
19,768 
23,363 
19,797 
16,454 
25,335 
15,856 
7,442 
3,386 

2,032 


2.919 
18.419 
19.473 
16.598 
12.429 
21.088 
12.320 
5.602 
2.737 

15,436 


66,984 

15,035 

1,643 

748 

517 

891 

683 

577 

1,452 

900,578 






Under 5 years 

10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over. . . 

Total native white 


279,937 
87,993 

119.160 

108,658 
84,516 
60,376 

101,619 
67,658 
37.504 
26.677 

1,224,539 












279,937 


191 
534 
319 
259 
198 
472 
473 
353 
320 

214.118 


5 

903 

1,211 

672 

405 

616 

218 

77 

34 

9,036 


1,470 
6,536 
7,151 
5,754 
4,926 
9.703 
7,283 
3,975 
2,094 

35,143 


49 
448 
430 
260 
165 
300 
204 
101 

75 

59,621 


586 
4,865 
3,385 
1,966 
1,226 
1,925 
1,018 
324 
141 

51,460 


85,692 
105,874 
96,162 
75,605 
53,456 
88,703 
58,462 
32.674 
24.013 

855.161 


Under 5 years 

10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over.. . 


393,561 

119,716 

146,157 

138.241 

103,133 

71,506 

118,735 

76,972 

36,552 

19,966 












393,661 


12,853 
35,871 
40,337 
29,785 
20,425 
35,238 
24,063 
10,654 
4,892 


13 

896 

1,697 

1,428 

1,076 

1,898 

1,241 

570 

217 


1,228 
5,889 
8,134 
5,775 
3,561 
5,423 
3,166 
1,361 
606 


1,701 

10,007 

11,346 

8.503 

6,289 

10,902 

6,862 

2,792 

1,219 


1,623 
10,447 
9,794 
6,928 
5,264 
8,917 
5,390 
2,167 
930 


102,298 
83,047 
66,933 
50,714 
34,891 
56,357 
36,250 
19,008 
12,102 


Native white males 


608,597 


213,229 


5,766 


26,741 


58,297 


45,522 


269,052 


Under 5 years 

10 to 14 years 

16 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over.. . 


200,358 
61.383 
68.904 
68.442 
50.418 
35,176 
59,874 
39,133 
16,987 
7,922 












200,358 


12,739 
35,630 
40.201 
29.701 
20.382 
35.126 
23.991 
10.593 
4.866 


10 
138 
684 
882 
747 
1,494 
1,085 
619 
197 


787 
4.213 
6.867 
4.816 
2.773 
3.917 
2.073 
880 
415 


1,672 
9,681 

11,015 
8,326 
6,195 

10.734 
6,747 
2,739 
1,188 


1,354 
8,607 
8.556 
6.263 
4.797 
8,135 
4,911 
2,033 
866 


44,821 
10,635 
1,119 
430 
282 
468 
326 
223 
390 



GENERAL TABLES. 



253 



Table 21. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, age, sex, color, 
and nativity: 1907 — Continued. 



AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND 
NATIVITY. 


Total. 


Agri- 
culture, 
fisheries, 

and 
mining. 


Profes- 
sional 
service. 


Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 


Trade 
and 
trans- 
porta- 
tion. 


Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 


With- 
out 
gainful 

occu- 
pation. 


Native white females 


615,942 


889 


3,280 


8,402 


1,324 


6,938 


696.109 


Under 5 vears 


193,203 
58,333 
77,263 
69,799 
62,715 
36,330 
68,861 
37,839 
19,566 
12,044 

203,637 












193 203 


10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over. . . 

Total foreign white 


114 

241 

136 

84 

43 

112 

72 

61 

26 

51,530 


3 

758 

1,013 

546 

329 

404 

166 

51 

20 

2,738 


441 

1,676 

1,267 

959 

788 

1,606 

1,093 

481 

191 

22,623 


29 
326 
331 
177 

94 
168 
116 

53 

31 

63,444 


269 

1,840 

1,238 

666 

467 

782 

479 

134 

64 

21,986 


67,477 
72,412 
65,814 
50,284 
34 , 609 
55,889 
35,924 
18,785 
11.712 

41.316 


Under 5 years 


6,756 
4,639 
17,490 
29,258 
31,600 
28,645 
41,566 
25,227 
12,175 
6,481 












6 756 


10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over. . . 


334 
3,276 
8,020 
8,670 
7,787 
11,687 
7,018 
3,223 
1,615 


4 
68 
221 
430 
420 
723 
470 
268 
134 


189 
1,937 
3,961 
4,076 
3,397 
4,728 
2,668 
1,202 

465 


956 
8,662 

10,386 
9,727 
8,737 

12,287 
7,736 
3,526 
1,438 


86 
1,174 
3,017 
3,718 
3,667 
5,583 
2.996 
1,215 
531 


3,070 
2.383 
3,653 
4,879 
4,537 
6,658 
4.341 
2,741 
2,298 


Foreign white males .... 


163,014 


51,449 


2,321 


18,210 


63,029 


21.347 


6,658 


Under 6 J'ears 


3,520 

2,916 

14,741 

24,378 

25,659 

23,369 

34,146 

20,483 

9,348 

4,455 

40,623 












3 5''0 


10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over.. . 

Foreign white females. . 


33i 
3,270 
8,009 
8,662 
7,777 
11,672 
6,999 
3,218 
1,611 

81 


2 
32 
154 
347 
372 
635 
413 
246 
120 

417 


117 
1,380 
2,880 
3,245 
2,832 
4,051 
2,291 
1,018 

396 

4.413 


949 
8,697 

10,313 
9,666 
8,683 

12,203 
7.680 
3,611 
1.428 

415 


80 
1.068 
2,904 
3.605 
3,684 
5.466 
2.923 
1.194 
524 

639 


1,437 
394 
118 
135 
121 
219 
177 
161 
376 

34,658 


Under 5 years 


3,236 
1,723 
2,749 
4,880 
5,841 
5,176 
7,421 
4,744 
2,827 
2,026 

620,804 












3 '""se 


10 to 14 J'ears 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over. . . 

Total colored ' 


3 

6 

11 

8 

10 

15 

19 

5 

4 

109,321 


2 
36 
67 
83 
48 
88 
67 
22 
14 

1.031 


72 
557 
1.081 
831 
565 
677 
377 
184 

69 

64,522 


7 
55 
73 
62 
54 
84 
65 
15 
10 

13.354 


6 

106 

113 

113 

83 

118 

72 

21 

7 

52.575 


1,633 
1,989 
3,535 
4.744 
4.416 
6.439 
4.164 
2,580 
1,922 

380,001 




Under 5 years 


167,090 
66,431 
72,332 
66,454 
49,934 
36,296 
66,809 
47,854 
32,218 
27,386 












167 090 


10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

26 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

46 to 64 years 

65 to 64 years 

65 years and over. . . 


5,280 
16,901 
17,361 
12,437 

8,011 
15.867 
13,613 
10,790 
10,061 


9 

200 

256 

146 

113 

148 

90 

43 

26 


1.660 
7.532 
9.610 
7.846 
6,310 
12,256 
9,181 
6.114 
4,013 


378 
1,557 
2.061 
1.827 
1.693 
2.446 
1.463 
1.225 

804 


1.796 
11,663 
10,047 
6,918 
4,724 
8,513 
4.953 
2.544 
1,417 


47.308 
35.479 
27,119 
20,760 
14,545 
26,679 
18,654 
11,502 
11,065 



> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



254 



POPULATION. 



Table 21. — Population, classified by general groups of occupalions, age, sex, color, 
and nalivily: 1907 — Continued. 



AOE, SEX. COLOR, AND 
N.VTIVITV. 


Total. 


Agri- 
culture, 
fisheries, 

and 
mining. 


Profes- 
sional 
service. 


Domestic 

and 
personal 
service. 


Trade 
and 
trans- 
porta- 
tion. 


Manu- 
facturing 

and 
mechan- 
ical 
industries. 


With- 
out 
gainful 

occu- 
pation. 


Colored males 


303.271 


107,172 


687 


28,445 


13,061 


43,716 


110,190 




83,592 
28.494 
33.174 
32,475 
23,974 
16,426 
30,472 
22,779 
17,106 
14,779 

317,533 












83.592 


10 to 14 years 

16 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 04 years 

65 years and over... 

Colored females ' 


5,206 
15,614 
17,189 
12,270 

7,866 
15,522 
13,231 
10.503 

9,771 

2,149 


9 
91 

125 
103 
85 
124 
85 
39 
26 

344 


703 
3,229 
4,807 
3,882 
2.737 
4,736 
3,368 
2,804 
2,179 

36,077 


365 
1,490 
2,035 
1,806 
1.576 
2.398 
1,429 
1,192 

770 

293 


1,485 
8,744 
8,013 
5,730 
4,048 
7,488 
4,486 
2,375 
1,347 

8,859 


20,726 
4.006 
306 
183 
114 
204 
180 
193 
686 

269.811 




83,498 
27,937 
39,158 
33.979 
25,960 
18.870 
35,337 
25.075 
15,112 
12.607 












83.498 


10 to 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 years and over.. . 


74 
287 
172 
167 
145 
345 
382 
287 
290 


■■'ioQ' 

131 
43 

28 

24 

5 

4 


957 
4,303 
4.803 
3,964 
3,573 
7,520 
5,813 
3,310 
1,834 


13 

67 
26 
21 
17 
48 
34 
33 
34 


sii 

2.919 

2,034 

1.188 

676 

1.025 

467 

169 

70 


26.582 
31,473 
26,813 
20,577 
14,431 
26,375 
18.374 
11.309 
10.379 



> Includes black, mixed, and yellow. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



255 



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allien :;i^;^:^ll 










0. ■ 


55 


. •- w ♦-. 3 ra S 






^^ 


:^ 1 



17 



258 



POPULATION. 



a 

09 b 

Is*' 



a) 






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MiO i-iOtDWCCCO 

1-1 CO « W i-i ■-' C4 



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o> to aa yf -I ^ to ootooi''^"-<l^>OfO-<t^'*NioeoiOO>u50coeo-^w»i'oo<Di"i'«ct"io 



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n 



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— r~ CI (N T}i O 00 00 •* COOiO'-it^iOM-* t^«CiO -^O e^N®eOP30 CC C^ — CC — ' O! 00 » 00 



2^ 



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l-»COI^C'l«C'»}<— iO(N 
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-" «3(MlOC0 



r^oo — t^ooooooooooot^'-"-'iNC". oo— >'/;o>u50cor^— t~OTi>Ti>io 

OOOCOOOCO CS00'*O"1'(N(N-<Ot^0it^ClOXO O O f (N CO 00 in t^ •«>• 
— OOM I'M U50CO'* lO — C0«O— COCOCO— I COOO OOOlOOlOO 



2: 

2 

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a 






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iiilliilillliilili 



GENERAL TABLES. 



259 



00>Ot-OJOOOOOOt-i-l»OtOtDt^U5000<ONOOlO>0»HC«e<5«i-lO'f -OOiOt* -OOMOW-H -OJOO 

>H «o lOMt- eoO'H'vo CO CO CO ■«< «•-<• «t--cs cdi<^ 



05 



■^00>t^ai003«>tDOOOIN^-(^0000®000»OOOOC;0«COOOt--HU5000 

t^'<l"fOiOiOt^ Wr^O'-Ht~C><iOOOMOa3MX(NO »1< lO t~ -H O •* rtCO-* 

Tjl OO-HJO COCO-hO —'•-I C( CO T(< r-" -^C^ 



Old r-iOOTj< 13 00 
CO CO-<l<« CO 



0>r-(lOTj<OOCOOS-*0'*ir5<»CO(--COO»COt^OO-<l<t-00>OXW<l<T!110t^OOC«'-l-HOOlO^OOlOTj<00<00> 
l0-*C0ttJC00)I^CaNOll^00OiOai<NCD«0C<Ii0'->'-i'HO!0'^Ni-i00 lOO t~ aOi-^Ol (>i-^ 

■o< oco-* cocoicooc^r^ e-jioco— 'C^ coow ■<}'O>-ic0i— 



rt(M N rH^ 



lOOlf5iOCOCOC<100mcO'*'-i'*INCCOOOt^lOOO>COd^h~OCO!CO-*MC<5 0'.CO'-iOOCOmt-'*OOTj<tDU5 

'-noc<i'^cO'-it^coO"OOOt~ict--'j'C-iooii.'3'-<N-i-<r~oo-<(MC'5 0'-<i-ior;ci cocjccico»(NcoeD^ 

rH iQi-H — .OlOC^l ■-HiOOJtNO CO— I IN CO CO "-"^ 1>(N O Ort<C0 CON 



TM>r^(Mr^COOOiCOOC00500CDrlicavCt^O' 

00-<c0i-H.-<C0i-<O-<Ti'-i00Q0i0t~'-<C0C000CD- 

CO"-" coco — ii-'iOCC ■<l< 



iCOt~OCCOC«DOCC^L'3a0r-<rJit~CJ 

I —I (NCCOCvlOcOri t^OO 

•-I iO '-ICO >-i— 1 



ocor-cr^cocoicco 



(N .-H .H 



NCOCOTjIt-OOCOOO 
Nr-li-CCVl 



'-iiO'tO'-i'i"t^h-r-ocooO'-it^Minci.-<comCT>iioocTt<oc^>0'*0'*coooco-*rHociooooo>05uo 



cq -H -I 



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ca •' 1) 
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m 3 O C -^ 
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t! o C r^ — — — ; 
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a) 0) 
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0) 0< 

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260 



POPULATION. 






•^jit^ioio-^t^to woo o 



3 

a 
o 

>«< 

1 






1 

CO 

c 



*^ 4) 
CO 



lO IC ^ t^ t^ »C CO ^^<0 CO 



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Oi>> 



iMroiooiOh~e^i^-<)<.-icoos 



03 

2^3 

U5 >i 



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2^ 



0>-*C^-"rt 



r^c^iOTHNMOOcotoosoo 
oot»e>oco»e«5iotoo— "O 

>0 lO O Tf .-I U3 00 CO ■* 



I 



o 
H 



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^ 



C <U 
O lU 

V >> 
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^ V 

S^ 
cd cd 

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a> rt o c- 
0) g— c 






; C' c * o 
■ •-^ I* 

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.0) 






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f^oS-^ C =S O OX3 u oS S,^, ^, C C a; 

a^it-ajcdo o ti rf SjcifiJi; o a^ - 






03 O 3 



GENERAL TABLES. 



261 



O OrH 
rH rH>Cl 



C0t~C<3rHC<) 



(MOO 



ICOC^t^NOSIN 



lOr-<i-INt^rH00NOi-( 



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MOJt^Ni-l 
.-I COIN 
CON 



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c<^lOl-ltDNC<^c^^■*r-KD^-l1-l;o^cococ^^^o■*oocoo5co■*^»wnc<le<^'oc<l 

«D O)"-! iOlOt~ 1-1 CO T-JtOt^- "-I COi-lCOlOC^ 05 






I-''" oj S m-r;-^ 



1^ c 2 

^ ♦^ u. ■ 



i2 OS 2 m":;'^ 5", at •. "- C 

^ w «,. — O o •-• W S O r- *-■■'-' 'S S 



c 

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' — tS el *-> H •<? 



MM 



02 030202 CO HE-iHH 



o ^ 

t3 o ea 03 
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=«_,^ 5 a 
5c C" 2 

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262 



POPULATION. 



Tablb 24. — Peraorui engaged in selected occwpaiiona, by aex and literacy: 1907. 





Total. 


Literate. 


imterate. 


DEOaEES 


BBC'EIVBO. 


8EX AND OCCUPATION. 


Aca- 
demic. 


Pro- 
fessional. 


MALES. 


66 

772 

1,130 

278 

325 

6,161 

2.649 

5,011 

3,668 

29 

197 

888 

231 

87 

438 

228 

88 

646 

1,008 

340 

21 .420 

27 

2.611 

24.161 

372 

25,599 

176 

690 

391 

386 

10,199 

5 

390 

803 

47 

364,821 

937 

1,689 

664 

674 

1,945 

431 

175 

2.304 

470 

171 

324 

41.767 

1,527 

1,347 

120 

386 

1,498 

12,161 

7,917 

50,302 

536 

1,662 

711 

246 

205 

72 

895 

60 

2,428 

324 

1,240 

112 

656 

1,784 

40 

64 

6,446 

32,208 


66 

752 
998 
277 
323 
4,699 

2,541 

4.682 

3,177 

27 

160 

798 

204 

87 

438 

164 

69 

449 

722 

322 

18,546 

26 

1,022 

21,063 

372 

25,599 

142 

476 

175 

385 

5,826 

5 

380 

799 

47 

129,794 

628 

706 

366 

554 

1,688 

205 

170 

1,421 

442 

148 

324 

20,780 

1.135 

1.347 

120 

143 

1.369 

8.789 

7.364 

46.144 

263 

906 

693 

238 

205 

61 

762 

49 

2,217 

323 

1,240 

104 

342 

1,782 

34 

53 

4.030 

30.462 




3 
16 


t 


Agents (real estate), collectors, and 


20 

132 

1 

2 

1,562 

108 

329 

491 

2 

37 
99 
27 


4 






Architects and draftsmen 


27 
7 
1 

76 
3 

2 


62 


Artists 


4 






Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and 


26 


Barbers and hairdressers 


4 


Blacksmiths 


3 


Bleachers, d vers, and scourers 




Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and 
saloon keepers 




1 


Boilermakers 






Boxmakers (wooden) 






Bookbinders 






Bookkeepers 




71 


70 


Brickinakers 


64 

19 

97 

286 

18 

2,874 

1 

1,489 

3,098 




Broom and brush makers 






Builders and contractors 


2 


1 


Butchers 




Cabinetmakers 







Carpenters 


2 








Charcoal burners 






Cigar factory operatives 


6 

61 

442 


1 


Clergymen 


82 


Clerks and copyists 




115 


Confectioners . ". 


34 
215 
216 




Coopers 






Dairvmen 


::::::::::i 


Dentists 


22 


331 


Draymen and hackmen 


4,373 










Electricians 


io 

4 


7 
160 

7? 


6 


Engravers 


523 


Farmers, planters, and farm laborers. . . 
Firemen (not locomotive) 


235,027 

309 

984 

288 

20 

257 

226 

5 

883 

28 

23 


28 


Fishermen 






Gardeners and florists 






Gold and silver workers 


1 

1 




Harnessmakers 




Hostlers 




Housekeepers and stewards 


4 




Hucksters and peddlers 




Iron and steel workers 




1 


Janitors and sextons 






Journalists 


23 

4 

1 

110 

13 


10 


Laborers (not specified) 


20,987 
392 


1 


Launderers 




Lawyers .■ 


1 086 


Literary and scientific persons 




32 


Lumbermen 


243 

139 

3,372 

663 

4,158 

282 

757 

18 

8 




Machinists 


28' 

1 

43 

451 


60 


Masons 


2 


Mechanics 


174 


Merchants 


574 


Messengers and office boys 




Miners and quarrymen 






Musicians 


44 

3 

18 


8 


Nurses 




Officials (government) 


11 


Officials of banks and companies 


11 
133 

11 
211 

1 




Officials of manufacturing companies. . . 
Packers and shippers 


5 


1 


Painters 


16 

40 

108 




Photographers 


14 


Phvsicians and surgeons 


1 091 


Plumbers 


8 
213 

2 

6 

1 

2,416 

1.746 




Potters 






Printers, lithographers, etc 


6 




Ropemakers 




Sail, awning, and tent makers 








30 
31 


36 


Salesmen 


7 



GENERAL TABLES. 



263 



Table 24. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and literacy: 

Continued. 



1907- 





Total. 


Literate. 


Illiterate. 


DEGREES 


RECEIVED. 


SEX AND OCCUPATION. 


Aca- 
demic. 


Pro- 
fessional. 


MALES — con tinued . 
Seamstresses 


6 

15,934 

111 

120 

6,829 

8.238 

948 

129 

1,699 

715 

587 

572 

5,095 

401 

2,132 

692 

830 

50 

63 

306 

19 

408 

26 

1 

10 

1 

104 

1 

143 

4 

2 

1 

2 

2 

5 

3,342 

8 

884 

10 

5 

2,332 

1 

3,110 

4 

3 

28 

1 

34 

140 

262 

5 

591 

24,016 

2 

2 

2 

654 

51 

576 

1 

11 

6 

4 

3 

33 

2 

116 

9,464 

23,378 


6 

9,692 

95 

118 

5,479 

7,901 

641 

129 

775 

567 

572 

545 

4,961 

310 

2,132 

589 

747 

42 

63 

298 

12 

118 

25 

1 

10 

1 

102 








Servants 


6,242 

16 

2 

1,350 

337 

307 


2 




Ship and boat builders 




Shiitniakers 






Shoemakers 


1 
16 




Soldiers and policemen 


9 


Steam railway employees 


2 


Stenographers and typewriters 


7 
2 


3 


Stock raisers 


924 

148 

15 

27 

134 

91 




Stonecutters 




Street railway employees 






Suparmakers 


2 
1 


6 


Tailors 




Tanners 




Teachers 


864 
38 

1 


434 


Telegraph and telephone operators. . . . 
Tinners 


3 

83 

8 


18 


Trunk and leather-case makers 




Veterinary surgeons 


8 
2 


32 


Watch and clock makers 


8 

7 
290 

1 


1 


Weayers and lace makers 




Wood choppers 






FEMALES. 

Actres=;es 






Agents (real estate), collectors and 
commercial travelers 






Apprentices 








Architects and draftsmen 








Artists 


2 
1 

11 


8 




Bakers 




Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and finan- 
ciers 


132 

4 
2 


3 




Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and 
saloon keepers 




Bookbinders 








Broom and brush makers 


1 






Cabinetmakers 


2 
2 






Carpenters 








Charcoal burners 


5 
742 






Cigar factory operatives 


2,600 

8 

884 

5 

5 

2,181 

1 

643 

1 






Clergymen 




* * 


Clerks and copyists . 




18 


4 


Confectioners 


5 




Dentists 




5 


Dressmakers 


151 




Engineers (civil) and surveyors 






Farmers, planters, and farm' laborers. . . 


2,467 
3 
3 
3 






Fishermen 






Gardeners and florists 






Hairdressers 


25 

1 

18 

34 

196 

5 

314 

7,869 

2 

2 

2 

335 

51 

487 

1 

7 

6 

4 

3 

33 

2 

88 

8.099 

10.596 






Harnessmakers 






Housekeepers 


16 

106 

66 






Hucksters and peddlers 






Janitresses 






Journalists 


2 


1 


Laborers (not specified) 


277 
16,147 


Laundresses 






Lawyers 


1 


1 


Literary and scientific persons 




Masons 








Merchants 


219 


3 
13 

28 


16 

6 

100 


Musicians 


Nurses 


89 


Officials of banks and companies 


OfTicials of manufacturing companies. . . 


4 






Painters 






Photographers 




1 




Physicians and surgeons 




1 


Printers, lltliographers, etc 






Ropeniakers 








Saleswomen 


28 ! 
1,365 
12,782 




1 


Seamstresses 




Servants 


1 









264 



POPULATION. 



Tablb 24. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and literacy: 1907 — 

Continued. 



SEX AND OCCUPATION. 



Total. 



Literate. 1 Illiterate. 



DEGREES RECEIVBD. 



Aca- 
demic. 



Pro- 
fessional. 



FEM.M.EB — continued. 

Shlrtmakers 

Shoemakers 

Steam railway employees 

Stenographers and typewriters. . . . 

Tailoresses 

Teachers 

Telegraph and telephone operators 

Trunk and leather-case makers 

Watch and clock makers 

Weavers and lace makers 

Wood choppers 



3 


2 


19 


18 


3 




134 


i34 


17 


17 


3,832 


3,832 


55 


35 


22 


20 


2 


2 


95 


70 


2 





25 
2 



10 



1,558 
1 



895 



GENERAL TABLES. 



265 



Table 25. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by 

1907. 


sex and 


conjugal condition: 


SEX AND OCCUPATION. 


Total. 1 


Single • 

and 

unknown.! 


Married. 


Con- 
sensually 
married. 


Widowed. 


MALES. 


I 
66 1 

772 
1,130 

278 
325 i 
6,161 1 

2,649 ! 
5,011 ; 
3,668 
29 

197 
888 1 
231 : 
87 ! 
438 ' 
228 ! 

88 

546 ; 

1,008 1 

340 1 

21,420 

27 1 

2,511 

24,161 

372 

25,599 

176 

690 i 

391 

385 ! 

10,199 1 

5 

390 

803 

47 

364,821 

937 

1,689 

654 

574 

1,945 

431 

175 

2,304 

470 

171 

324 

41,767 

1,527 

1,347 

120 

386 

1,498 

12,161 

7,917 

50,302 

535 

1,662 

711 

246 

205 

72 

895 

60 

2,428 

324 

1,240 

112 

555 

1,784 

40 

54 

6,446 

32,208 

6 

15,934 

111 

120 


25 

274 

1,129 

81 

153 
3,592 

489 

2,868 

2,126 

19 

111 

436 

147 

55 

191 

157 

70 

193 

388 

197 

10,847 

11 

1,561 

12,921 

298 

12,568 

92 

253 

258 

110 

4,743 

3 

183 

342 

31 

192,280 

490 

835 

401 

287 

1,098 

329 

88 

1,324 

273 

82 

124 

22,819 

965 

270 

63 

183 

549 

6,058 

4,129 

21,544 

495 

1,232 

300 

166 

44 

36 

395 

30 

1,272 

162 

274 

64 

292 

1,182 

31 

23 

3,202 

29,875 

5 

11,247 

63 

69 


29 
410 


8 
61 


4 


Agents (real estate), collectors, and 


27 




1 




161 

142 

1.650 

1,714 
1,478 
1,077 

7 

63 

351 

58 

26 

224 

54 

13 

270 

353 

97 

7,160 

8 

626 

6,894 

70 

10,609 

59 

229 

113 

239 

3,268 

1 

177 

421 

13 

112,613 

261 

520 

184 

212 

575 

69 

73 

602 

159 

64 

165 

10,239 

337 

962 

51 

120 

713 

3,270 

2,839 

23,221 

23 

403 

276 

60 

144 

31 

367 

16 

724 

141 

877 

31 

174 

477 

7 

21 

2,621 

1,964 


11 

21 

811 

121 

561 

379 

2 

15 

75 

18 

4 

11 

10 

4 

66 

245 

35 

2.611 

5 

279 

3,530 

1 

1,473 

19 

179 

15 

21 

1,991 

1 

22 

9 

2 

50 , 100 

168 

264 

51 

51 

219 

25 

10 

316 

31 

11 

20 

7,658 

183 

24 

4 

73 

174 

2,513 

729 

3,604 

10 

7 

106 

7 

7 

2 

95 

11 

357 

12 

11 

16 

73 

80 

2 

4 

453 

165 


25 




9 




108 


Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and finan- 


325 




104 




86 




1 


Boarding 'house, hotel, restaurant, and 


8 




26 




8 




2 




12 




7 




1 




17 




22 




11 




802 




3 




45 




816 




3 




949 




6 




29 




5 




15 




197 








8 


Engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors. . . . 


31 
1 


Farmers, planters, and farm laborers. . . . 


9,828 
18 




70 




18 




24 




53 


Hostlers. 


8 




4 




62 




7 




14 




15 




1,051 




42 




91 




2 




10 




62 




320 




220 




1,933 




7 




20 




29 




13 




10 


Officials of banks and companies 

Officials of manufacturing companies . . . 


3 

38 

3 




75 




9 




78 


Plumbers 


1 


Potters 


16 


Printers lithographers, etc 


45 








6 




170 




204 




1 


Servants 


2.464 
39 
35 


1.789 

3 

13 


434 




6 


Shirtmakers 


3 



•Includes divorced. 



266 



POPULATION. 



Table 25. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and conjiigal condition: 

1907— Continued. 



BBX AND OCCUPATION. 



MALES — continued. 

Shoemakers 

Soldiers and policemen 

Steam railway employees 

Stenographers and typewriters . . . . 

Stock raisers 

Stonecutters 

Street railway employees 

Sugarmakers 

Tailors 

Tanners 

Teachers 

Telegraph and telephone operators. 

Tinners 

Trunk and leather-case makers. . . . 

Veterinary surgeons 

Watch and clock makers 

Weavers and lace makers 

Wood choppers 



FEMALES. 

Actresses 

Agents (real estate), collectors, and 
commercial travelers 

Apprentices 

Architects and draftsmen 

Artists 

Bakers 

Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and finan- 
ciers 

Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and 
saloon keepers 

Bookbinders 

Broom and brush makers 

Cabinetmakers 

Carpenters 

Charcoal burners 

Cigar factory operatives 

Clergymen 

Clerks and copyists 

Confectioners 

Dentists 

Dressmakers 

Engineers (civin and surveyors 

Farmers, planters, and farm laborers. . . 

Fishermen 

Gardeners and florists 

Hairdressers 

Harnessmakers 

Housekeepers 

Hucksters and peddlers 

Janitresses 

Journalists 

Laborers (not specified) 

Laundresses 

Lawyers 

Literary and scientific persons 

Masons 

Merchants 

Musicians 

Nurses 

Officialsof banks and companies 

OfRcials of manufacturing companies. . . 

Painters 

Photographers 

Physicians and surgeons 

Printers, lithographers, etc 

Ropemakers 

Saleswomen 

Seamstresses 

Servants 

Shirtmakers 

Shoemakers 

Steam railway employees 

Stenographers and typewriters 

Tailoresses 

Teachers 

Telegraph and telephone operators 

Trunk and leather-case makers 

Watch and clock makers 

Weavers and lace makers 

Wood choppers 



Total. 



6,829 

8,238 
948 
129 

1,699 
715 
587 
572 

5,095 
401 

2,132 

592 

830 

50 

63 

306 

19 

408 



26 

1 

10 

1 

104 

1 

143 

4 

2 

1 

2 

2 

5 

3,342 

8 

884 

10 

5 

2,332 

1 

3,110 

4 

3 

28 

1 

34 

140 

262 

5 

591 

24,016 

2 

2 

2 

554 

51 

576 

1 

11 

6 

4 

3 

33 

2 

116 

9,464 

23,378 

3 

19 

3 

134 

17 

3,832 

55 

22 

2 

05 

2 



Single 

and 

unknown.' 



3,567 

5,204 

632 

96 

799 

396 

268 

212 

3,137 

256 

879 

372 

433 

36 

15 

126 

11 

285 



15 

1 
10 

1 
52 

1 

84 

2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
4 

2,501 

5 

672 

7 

1 

1,683 



1,815 

4 

1 

10 

1 

20 

71 

98 

2 

406 

14,061 

1 

1 

2 

258 

39 

379 



5 
5 
2 
3 

31 
1 

92 

7,209 

18,150 

3 

11 



128 
13 
2,909 
53 
16 
1 
79 



Married. 



2,034 

2,486 

312 

25 

637 

259 

219 

281 

1,382 

112 

1,082 

194 

279 

3 

36 

140 

4 

81 



38 



230 

3 

79 

2 

3 

305 
1 

240 



11 



1 
40 
33 

2 

40 

1,671 

1 

1 



181 

6 

117 



16 

852 

1,293 



4 
2 
4 
1 
647 



Con- 
sensually 
married. 



971 

425 

81 

6 

198 
46 
82 
46 

466 
23 
37 
14 
98 
11 
3 
17 
3 
37 



10 



1 
255 



150 
'853 



81 
,206 



2 

630 

1,847 



Widowed. 



> Includes divorced. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



267 



rt .^TjC^ 



tJOQ 



t>- 00 CO t~'-f^>» 



osiooo(DintDco<oe:oo-^oa>c<i(Nr--tor~r--ioc>iTt<-*M(NC'ii^'-<CTi'-ic<ii-iTtia5(Ni-<coooccoo>-i 

Nt^.-H00C0(Nt^I^01i-lO0005MMO(N00CD00O t^ O O "tl CO t^ <N CO CO 00 ■* •-i — 00 -- lO lOCM 0» 
(M >-IC100>Ot- r-ie^ rHrt i-lrH CO i-IOO<NO »H O OSCOCOCO "-11-1 



0)00->jll^cOOOOO'*-!}<050a3«0(NI--«0'-im<000005iOCOC005iO'-ll^O-*'-'(MNlOOOO<Dl001CO 

(MoootOTfiTt(t^<>4Tj< cooc4iotO'Hior>-.-io.-((Mooooos'-iO)«3(Moo int^cO'-'Os-^Tpcaoo^ 

CO'-irHr-iOOXlCOt^ «3-^ Ni-l IM00(MU5 CSO-HOOi-iOCNCOOO M-* 00-<J<CO'-CT»<t~O) 



rH TJt^TjKN 



O 1-1 .-< 



CKNOooiO'HOS'-Hajoi^ooi-ft^oooooocooooot^— i-^iNOj(oo--ioo3u;ocot^— ir^©"*i-*io-< 

CDt^C0I^(MCD-*^O(N0300C000C0C<100-<l<O-*(M(N^OI^C3)l>0)O000i OO-<J<<NC000i.0f^'>*C<5 
t^-HCJCO^tDOtO T-iOOCS Tl<C^ lOCCO''*" U3i-iC0'O'HtCC0C0'-< COCO aOO«OCO»OOS'* 



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268 



POPULATION. 












^oococi-^'t^ 






CO«ON>CO 



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•I 



^ 



WfflOt^005005005r-i-it— COf~--<OOC<5"<J'l^OOOOC<l(M<Oi-'iO>OtOlCOOtSO)0>00-^«»C<5eOO» 
coco C^CC»'-< COOCOMOM" "O -H CO 050^0 t»<tJ< 0305 " ./v^— .«^i 



— -^OStOtN 



i-H .-H i-C INOS 






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■^ O.^ ^ 4) O O 



GENERAL TABLES. 



269 



03 



COOt^OMtl^iO^I^--- 



•- -rt ■ o •-< 



M •CO'- — 



t3a2 



iO CC CC OO t^ Tt 05 C^OO t» 



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C^ U5 00 rH ffllO t- i-C CO 



t^ rH a T-H 00 rt N 



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270 



POPULATION. 



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50<00'-IN 






CO tOCOOl rt Wr-iOOi-i 00 






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3 dju 1^:2 -i-S 



GENERAL TABLES. 



271 



^-1 IN'itie^QO 



«DOOlOe<3COOMtN.O«iOO 



MW^OJ-H^COW-^NTtllO 






00 -^ 



00 OJ (N in «o t^ ^» «o -H wO'-HOf~c<i'*or^oo> 

Ot~-^>0'0'n-<J<(N N05 --"r)" 00<NCDC5 

1-1 OC^i-<00 <NN O 



0«00>T!<->1<(»r-OOMt^C050CO'*>0<MOS(N 
O -< «J •* CC lO O •<^ •■}> CO ■* O rJ<tDt^— <o 
Tl<iO 00 "-1 «Dt!< r-c Or-iCO— "--I 



•* .-1 to 00 lO IM — • CO -^ 00 CO (N "-I CO ■* 



00 (NCC^MOCOCOiCiO 
CO I^ ■-! O O OC C O (M <M 
e0'-'CMC0C:C3"O 



0000'-^C0(NOC0<NC0i000cr!Q0OO05-*C0l-0'*t^lOOiOO0C'n>CCqM 
t^rtClcOOl— iol>OOlMOOCMM-S<(NCO-*(M-i!tC-a<X05Crj'1<0(N'3'— it^ 



(NCDlOlO(Mt-->-<in»-'5 
0<N'-i(Mr--*iCCOCM 

■^COCNCOCOCCCCiN 



(^1^-oo•*•*l^^-^•^>.^-oo^^^~(^5coco<MlCO^o■*ooccc^co-<oc^oo ->, 

0(^(N«OCOeOCO'-it~COGS<NiOOOtCOiOCO(M05CCOC^C01<00— <05'<l<0 ^ 



-^(M(N <N 



COOOOC-*— '•"tOCO.-l 
coo t^ 0--0 

lO CO INrH 



'HOCNCOOOOCOOSlCCO'^ 
CO O CO t^ O N rt (N 05 -^ CO 
IN<N 00 10.-C 



COCOt^i 
t^04C0C 

CO — 



<N COCO)<3>C^CJOOOO> '-<00'-i0500000>C000(M(MI>CCC0OC0!OO— ■OOh-O'^t^rtr^COr--* 
(^ 1^ Tti r>» ^> rr* f^ r»^ f-. cva r*i (W ^i^ r*^ r^ rvi r^, wm r^ vm /vi ^m ^ ^*> ry^. nn r^ ^t\ /^s /»k ,-*s *^^ ^»* ^-\ _.. wn a/« ^-^t . r^^ t^ 



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aj ' _ «._ * ^ 







272 



POPULATION. 



>♦■-• <ij«>-i— o>«—« 



NOIOOOM — CO •-• NCI lO'JtOOt^ 0«D»0 «0 






I 



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CO Tf .-KO ^ <0 1-" •-" rt M —• 



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t^oooom ooi-oai-H^o 

COt^— "CO 0000 r-l 






co'^cxoO'1'r^cocoTtiio 

CO>-l t^<N --"OOt^t^ 



lC0005INCOCOt^ttt005COCDMe^M"OC'JCOOOOOO'-'OiC'<J<'(5U5U50>'*Wr- 
C0i0050-<1< tOOS»C<100iOOO-^ON-<l<'<»<COO'<J<--U505<N — •*tf>U5cO« 
Tjit^CO-H coco -"J" T}<-Hio-H .-I I0t0<0— I 0(N fi ■* 

U5NO -H <-! .-HCONIO r-IN 



<DOCOOOr^t^(^l^NCO«D 
«5'<l"5005<NT»i.-(N(NT)<t^ 
Tjtrt OCJi-i(NO<O00 



t^lOOOOTj<>*T}<OOiCOOCDCDINCOCl01CO'^'-HU5®-^«00'*'*00»'>l<-<»<U500 

c~«oco<-ic> N to 00 •<»< in lO to ITS to o o c^ ■<)< •^ lo 00 CO t>. » CO 05 o o> t~ o OS 
lot-ooo ■<»'•* "o lo 1-1 cc -H — > c< mcoeooo lo -h ^ ,< ri th 

»C0— I "-I —c (NOCOOO --ceo 



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•-it^r^'»<i-i'«i<-HCooh-co«o 

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<OCOTl<t^ ®U5 M 



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GENERAL TABLES. 



273 



.-c (N OS IN <N OS .f-lt-'*iOt-i 

--CS Tf— •1-1 






OS 



OOCO'HOBN 



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274 



POPULATION. 



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GENERAL TABLES. 



275 



Table 30. — Number of dwellings and families, and number of families and persons 
to a dwelling, and number of persons to a family, by provinces: 1907. 

[Figures in Italics included in total for the province of Habana.] 



PROVINCE. 


Total. 

population. 


Number of 
dwellings. 


Number of 
families. 


Number of 
families to 
a dwelling. 


Number of 
persons to 
a dwelling. 


Number of 
persons to 
a family. 


Cuba 


2,048,980 


350,830 


427,630 


1.2 


5.8 


4.8 


CamagQey 

Habana 


118,269 
538,010 
297,169 
239,812 
455,086 
240,372 
457,431 


19,474 
72,521 
28,868 
48,145 
82,103 
42,317 
86,270 


21,423 
120,413 

70 , 762 
56,758 
90,373 
45,663 
93,000 


1.1 6.1 
1.7 7.4 


5.5 
4.5 


City of Habana 

Matanzas 

Oriente 


S.6 
1.2 
1.1 


10. S 
5.0 
5 5 


4-2 
4.2 
5 


PinardelRio 

Santa Clara 


1.1 
1.1 


6.7 
5.3 


5.3 
4.9 



^ 



LE S '09 



